Caracterización fisicoquímica y vida postcosecha de tres cultivares de jitomate (lycopersicum esculentum mil.) (SOLANACEAE) / Physicochemical characterization and postharvest life of three tomato cultivars (lycopersicum esculentum mill.) (SOLANACEAE)

El tomate es la hortaliza de fruto más cultivadas a nivel mundial. De esta existen múltiples genotipos, que están genéticamente creados para condiciones ambientales muy específicas, por ello es importante conocer el comportamiento postcosecha de los frutos, que resultará en el cultivar mejor recomendado para cada región. El objetivo general fue: realizar la caracterización fisicoquímica y postcosecha de tres genotipos de jitomate, cultivados bajo condiciones de invernadero, en Tehuacán Puebla, México. La investigación se llevó a cabo en laboratorio. Los genotipos fueron: Merlisse, Maxcesa y Komet tipo bola, cultivados bajo invernadero. Las variables respuesta fueron: diámetro ecuatorial y polar, dinámica del peso de fruto, color de fruto, firmeza, contenido de Ca++ y K+ y vida postcosecha. El diseño utilizado fue completamente aleatorizado, cuyos tratamientos fueron los cultivares y siete repeticiones (3 x 7)= 21 unidades experimentales. Los resultados indican, que el mayor diámetro ecuatorial y polar así como pérdida de peso, fueron en Maxcesa, mientras que Komett, presentó la mayor firmeza y contenido de Ca++ y K+, siendo este último quien presentó la mayor vida de anaquel. De esta investigación se puede concluir, que el cultivar Komett, es quien mejor se adapta a las condiciones del valle de Tehuacán, Puebla.

Daya Hambat Trichoderma sp. terhadap Patogen yang Berasosiasi dengan Daun Tanaman Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum MILL.s

The study aimed to evaluate the inhibition of Trichoderma sp. associated with the leaves of the tomato plant (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). The research was carried out at the Plant Protection Laboratory of the Phytopathology Unit, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari. The study was arranged using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three types of pathogens, namely Collethotrichum sp., Schlerotium sp., and Paesilomyces sp., repeated five times. Observation parameters were the percentage of inhibition through multiple culture tests, secondary metabolites of volatile compounds, and nonvolatile compounds. The results showed that the ability to inhibit the fungus Trichoderma sp. against the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sp. able be inhibited by 74.14% and 81.42% respectively in the volatile and nonvolatile secondary metabolite tests, while against the pathogen Sclerotium sp. able to be inhibited by 58.50% in the multiple culture test.

Penetapan Kadar β-karoten dalam Buah Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) Berdasarkan Ketinggian Tempat Tumbuhnya dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

The quality of secondary metabolites in plants is determined by the altitude where they grow, in tomato plants secondary metabolites that have the potential as antioxidant activity are caused by β-carotene. β-carotene is a red-orange pigment that is very abundant in plants and fruits. β-carotene is an organic compound and is classified as a terpenoid, β-carotene is also one of the antioxidants that can prevent disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of β-carotene in tomatoes based on the altitude where they grew. The sample used in this study was Tomato Fruit (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) which was taken at an altitude of ±1206, ±845, ±548 and ±76 masl. Qualitative testing using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), the mobile phases used are chloroform and ethyl acetate (7:3), the Rf values of the samples and comparisons are not much different. Quantitative testing using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method at a wavelength of 461 nm. The results showed that the four positive samples contained β-carotene. The levels of β-carotene in the samples studied were sample A (±1206 masl) as much as 5.642 mg/100 gr, sample B (±845 masl) as much as 7.986 mg/100 gr, sample C (±548 masl) as much as 11.128 mg/100 gr and sample D (±76 masl) as much as 3.792 mg/100 gr. From this study, it was found that the highest β-carotene content was found in sample C (±548 masl) and the lowest β-carotene level was found in sample D (±76 masl). Environmental factors such as light, temperature, pH, altitude, and temperature greatly affect the content of β-carotene.Keywords: Determination of rates; β-carotene; tomatoes; UV-Vis spectrophotometry AbstrakKualitas metabolit sekunder dalam tumbuhan salah satunya ditentukan oleh ketinggian tempat tumbuhnya, dalam tanaman tomat metabolit sekunder yang berpotensi sebagai aktivitas antioksidan salah satunya disebabkan oleh β-karoten. β-karoten adalah pigmen berwarna merah-orange yang sangat berlimpah pada tanaman dan buah-buahan. β-karoten merupakan senyawa organik dan diklasifikasikan sebagai suatu terpenoid, β-karoten juga merupakan salah satu antioksidan yang dapat mencegah penyakit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kadar β-karoten dalam buah tomat berdasarkan ketinggian tempat tumbuhnya. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Buah Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) yang diambil pada ketinggian ±1206, ±845, ±548 dan ±76 mdpl. Pengujian secara kualitatif menggunakan metode Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) dan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT), fase gerak yang digunakan yaitu berupa kloroform dan etil asetat (7:3) diperoleh nilai Rf sampel dan pembanding yang tidak jauh berbeda. Pengujian secara kuantitatif menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 461 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari keempat sampel positif mengandung β-karoten. Kadar β-karoten dalam sampel yang diteliti yaitu sampel A (±1206 mdpl) sebanyak 5,642 mg/100 gr, sampel B (±845 mdpl) sebanyak 7,986 mg/100 gr, sampel C (±548 mdpl) sebanyak 11,128 mg/100 gr dan sampel D (±76 mdpl) sebanyak 3,792 mg/100 gr. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa kadar β-karoten tertinggi terdapat pada sampel C (±548 mdpl) dan kadar β-karoten terendah terdapat pada sampel D (±76 mdpl). Faktor lingkungan seperti cahaya, suhu, pH, ketinggian tempat, dan temperature sangat berpengaruh terhadap kandungan β-karoten.Kata kunci: Penetapan kadar; β-karoten; buah tomat; spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Atmospheric emissions of volatile organic compounds from a mine soil treated with sewage sludge and tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum L.)

A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a mining soil amended with sewage sludge and irrigated with wastewater in comparison to the non-amended soil, with or without tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum L.). The study detected a total of nine VOCs emitted from the polluted soil: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene, o-xylene, styrene, benzene-1,2,4-trimethyl and tetrachloroethylene, among which the most abundant were toluene, m-xylene and styrene (82.2, 4.1 and 3% respectively). The results showed that soil amended with sewage sludge reduced the emission of VOCs (styrene in pots without plants and benzene and xylenes in pots with plants). On the other hand, tomato plants contributed to increase significantly the emissions of all VOCs except styrene in both amended and non-amended soils.

Estudo do comportamento das microcápsulas de polpa de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum var. Carmen) imersas em azeite de oliva extra-virgem: interação e estabilidade do produto

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a interação entre os compostos bioativos da polpa de tomate encapsulado (técnica de gelificação iônica com 2% (M2) e 5% (M5) de alginato de sódio) e o azeite de oliva extra virgem, a influência da interação em relação à qualidade e a avaliar a estabilidade do produto final durante 60 dias de armazenamento. Foram feitas as análises de teor de licopeno, carotenoides, atividade antioxidante (ABTS), fenólicos totais, índice de peróxido, estabilidade oxidativa (Rancimat) e térmica (DSC). As análises foram realizadas em triplicata, aplicando o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de significância. As formulações analisadas mantiveram-se estáveis durante o armazenamento, não houve diferença significativa nos teores de licopeno e carotenoides. A formulação M2 obteve menor interação do microencapsulado com o azeite (A2) em relação ao teor de fenólicos e a atividade antioxidante, mantendo assim os compostos fenólicos mais aprisionados. A inserção das microcápsulas no azeite de oliva extra virgem não alterou a sua qualidade mantendo-o na faixa exigida pela legislação ao índice de peróxido, além de não influenciar no tempo de indução à oxidação. A partir da análise térmica de DSC observou-se que as formulações M2 e M5 apresentaram picos de desidratação (100 – 109°C) e degradação (390 – 400°C) em uma mesma faixa, tendo assim características térmicas semelhantes. Desta forma, o fato da junção microcápsulas/azeite não interferiu na qualidade do azeite e agregou valor nutricional, evidenciando a interação dos compostos biativos, podendo ser modificado o tipo de encapsulado, ou do encapsulante e obter uma microcápsula com características diferentes de liberação dependendo do objetivo.

Occurring the paraquat residues in various Nigerian

Because pesticides are ubiquitous and focused on the food chain, they are a substantial source of possible environmental danger to humans and animals. The highest extremely hazardous herbicides to be launched in 60 years ago is paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride). Although most nations have prohibited or severely limited the use of paraquat (PQ), it is still used in others, particularly in Nigeria. As a result, the present study used a spectrophotometric method to look for PQ in some vegetables, crops, and fruits in Abeokuta that are commonly consumed. The presence and amounts of PQ residues were assessed in 150 samples of various vegetables, crops, and fruits (harvested at Fadama field of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta). PQ residues were detected in Talinum triangulare, Corchorus olitorius, Amaranthus caudatus, Cratylia argentea, Capsicum frutescens, Lycopersicum esculentum, Raphanus sativus, Zea may, and Dioscorea alata at 0.130.02, 0.27+0.02, 0.06+0.01, 0.10+0.03, 0.15+0.03, 0. Using this technique, no paraquat residues were found in M. paradisicica or C. papaya. At 0.05-1.0 ppm fortification level, the technique yields a mean recovery of over 80% and is reproducible with a total coefficient of variation of 8.0 percent (n=10). All residual levels found were under the PQ tolerance or pesticide maximum limits.

DESEMPENHO DE CULTIVARES DE TOMATE ITALIANO DE CRESCIMENTO DETERMINADO EM CULTIVO PROTEGIDO SOB ALTAS TEMPERATURAS

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produção, a qualidade e tempo de prateleira de cultivares de tomate tipo italiano de crescimento determinado, produzidos sob ambiente protegido em condições de altas temperaturas. O cultivo foi realizado em Nova Mutum – MT, foram avaliados cinco cultivares: Fascínio (Feltrin sementes), Hy Color (Horticeres), Santa Adélia (TopSeed), SM-16 (Seminis) e Supera F1 (TopSeed), dispostos em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As plantas foram conduzidas em “meia estaca” e não foram podadas. Os parâmetros avaliados foram relativos a produção, a qualidade dos frutos, tempo de prateleira e qualidade no pós-colheita. A cultivar Fascínio apresentou produtividade de 186,1 t ha-1, maior massa média de frutos (144,3g), maior calibre de fruto, (60,7mm), e menor perda de massa no pós-colheita (6,23%). Os melhores resultados de sólidos solúveis totais dos frutos que completaram a maturação na planta foram obtidos das cultivares Santa Adélia (4,3), Fascínio (4,27) e Hy Color (4,21), e dos frutos colhidos no estádio verde-maduro obteve destaque a cultivar Santa Adélia (5,85), e os frutos que ficaram em temperatura ambiente obtiveram maior média de sólidos solúveis totais (5,55). Palavras-chave: termotolerância; Lycopersicum esculentum Mill; produtividade; pós colheita; ambiente protegido. The performance of determinate growth italian tomato cultivars in protected cropping under high temperatures ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the production, quality and shelf time of determinate growth Italian tomato cultivars from a protected environment under high temperature conditions. The cultivation was conducted in Nova Mutum, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Five cultivars were evaluated: ‘Fascínio’ (Feltrin Sementes), ‘Hy Color’ (Horticeres), ‘Santa Adélia’ (TopSeed), ‘SM-16’ (Seminis) and ‘Supera F1’ (TopSeed), disposed in randomized blocks with four repetitions. The plants were managed into the “meia estaca” tutoring method and were not pruned. The parameters evaluated were related to the production, quality of fruits, shelf time and postharvest quality. The ‘Fascínio’ cultivar presented productivity of 186.1 t ha-1, the largest average fruit weight (144.3 g), the largest fruit gauge (60.7 mm) and the smallest postharvest weight loss (6.23%). The total soluble solids best results of fruits that have matured in the plant were obtained from the ‘Santa Adélia’ (4.3), ‘Fascínio’ (4.27) e ‘Hy Color’ (4.21) cultivars. Among the fruits harvested at the mature-green stage, the ‘Santa Adélia’ (5.85) cultivar stood out. The fruits that stayed at room temperature obtained the largest total soluble solids average (5.55). Keywords: thermotolerance; Lycopersicum esculentum Mill; productivity; postharvest; protected environment.