scholarly journals Transformasi Sistem Pemanenan Latex Tanaman Karet: Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Junaidi Junaidi
Keyword(s):  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Monoculture Plantation ◽  
The Future ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Clonal Grouping ◽  
Latex Yield

Most people understate that latex harvesting is merely cutting the bark and collecting the sap. Since it was cultivated in the monoculture plantation system, rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) harvesting system has been transformed continually. This article presents the transformation of rubber harvesting systems, tapping innovations that have been developed, and the current condition of rubber agribusiness and its impact on the tapping system applied. At the beginning of the development of the rubber cultivation era, tapping was conducted with multiple slicings to gain high rubber yield. This system turned into one slice to extend the economic span of the plant. The invention of latex stimulants transformed the rubber tapping system from once every two days (d2) without stimulants to once every three days (d3) with stimulants. In the case of the tapping technique, several tapping systems have been developed, including puncture tapping, upward and double-cut tapping, Alternate Tapping System, and Change Over Panel. Except for the puncture tapping, those tapping systems are still used nowadays. Latex diagnosis, that is the measurements of the sucrose, inorganic phosphate, and thiol contents in the latex, became the basis of clonal grouping and the clonal typology tapping system. The current low rubber price renders the adoption of low-frequency tapping systems (d4, d5, or d6) with high dose and frequency of stimulant application. In the future, the low-frequency tapping system will remain the ultimate choice as labor costs continue rising. Besides, the use of sensory technology and digital instruments is being widely studied, which indicates that the latex harvesting system in rubber plants is believed to continue to develop. Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis, latex diagnosis, latex yield, stimulant, tapping   ABSTRAK Sebagian besar masyarakat beranggapan bahwa memanen lateks hanya mengiris kulit dan menampung getahnya. Namun sebenarnya, sejak dikembangkan dalam sistem perkebunan monokultur, sistem pemanenan lateks karet (Hevea brasiliensis) terus mengalami pembaharuan. Artikel ini menyajikan transformasi sistem pemanenan lateks tanaman karet, inovasi-inovasi yang pernah dikembangkan, serta kondisi agribisnis karet saat ini dan dampaknya terhadap sistem sadap yang diterapkan. Pada awal perkembangan perkebunan karet, penyadapan dilakukan dengan banyak irisan untuk mendapatkan hasil sebanyak-banyaknya. Ini kemudian berubah menjadi satu irisan untuk memperpanjang umur ekonomis tanaman. Penggunaan stimulan mengubah sistem penyadapan karet dari dua hari sekali (d2) tanpa stimulan menjadi tiga hari sekali (d3) dengan stimulan. Dalam hal teknis, beberapa sistem sadap pernah dikembangkan antara lain, sadap tusuk, penyadapan ke arah atas, sadap ganda, Alternate Tapping System, dan Change Over Panel. Selain sadap tusuk, inovasi-inovasi penyadapan tersebut tetap digunakan sampai saat ini. Diagnosis lateks melalui pengukuran kadar sukrosa, fosfat anorganik, dan thiol dalam lateks, menjadi dasar pengelompokan klon dan penyadapan tipologi klonal. Harga karet yang rendah saat ini menyebabkan perusahaan perkebunan cenderung mengadopsi sistem sadap frekuensi rendah (d4, d5, atau d6) dengan dosis dan frekuensi stimulan yang tinggi. Di masa yang akan datang, sistem sadap frekuensi rendah akan tetap menjadi pilihan utama karena upah tenaga kerja terus meningkat. Selain itu, penggunaan teknologi sensorik dan instrumen digital mulai banyak diteliti. Melihat fakta-fakta ini, sistem pemanenan lateks pada tanaman karet diyakini akan terus berkembang. Kata kunci: diagnosis lateks, Hevea brasiliensis, penyadapan, produksi karet, stimulan

The Use of Drones in Modern Length and Angle Metrology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Wieczorowski ◽  
Natalia Swojak ◽  
Pawel Pawlus ◽  
Alejandro Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
System Solution ◽  
The Future

In the paper a possibility of drones application in length and angle metrology was discussed. Some basic issues of metrology in mechanical engineering scale was presented. The use of drones for micro, meso and macro scale was briefly described. Different options and configurations were shown, including benefits and possible problems. Uncertainty issues were also discussed. From that point of view the future of drones in metrology looks bright, as it is also in other areas of human life. Due to rising labor costs, replacing a human being by a system solution is very desirable.

Intelligent Transformer: Possibilities and Challenges

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beldjajev Viktor ◽  
Roasto Indrek ◽  
Lehtla Tõnu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Autonomous Networks ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future

Intelligent Transformer: Possibilities and Challenges This paper covers the concept of an intelligent transformer that is a good candidate to replace a conventional low frequency transformer in the microgrids. As the power production and consumption can vary in a wide range, the new substations have to meet many requirements to guarantee reliable energy management in the autonomous networks. Different topologies of intelligent transformers can be used to meet these requirements. Therefore the advantages and disadvantages of the existing topologies were analyzed. The future trends and challenges are also discussed.

scholarly journals Probing stacking configurations in a few layered MoS2 by low frequency Raman spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhea Thankam Sam ◽  
Takayuki Umakoshi ◽  
Prabhat Verma
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Quantum Devices ◽  
Imaging Tool ◽  
2D Layered Materials ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Layer Stacking ◽  
Internal Symmetries

AbstractNovel two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, such as MoS2, have recently gained a significant traction, chiefly due to their tunable electronic and optical properties. A major attribute that affects the tunability is the number of layers in the system. Another important, but often overlooked aspect is the stacking configuration between the layers, which can modify their electro-optic properties through changes in internal symmetries and interlayer interactions. This demands a thorough understanding of interlayer stacking configurations of these materials before they can be used in devices. Here, we investigate the spatial distribution of various stacking configurations and variations in interlayer interactions in few-layered MoS2 flakes probed through the low-frequency Raman spectroscopy, which we establish as a versatile imaging tool for this purpose. Some interesting anomalies in MoS2 layer stacking, which we propose to be caused by defects, wrinkles or twist between the layers, are also reported here. These types of anomalies, which can severely affect the properties of these materials can be detected through low-frequency Raman imaging. Our findings provide useful insights for understanding various structure-dependent properties of 2D materials that could be of great importance for the development of future electro-optic devices, quantum devices and energy harvesting systems.

Low Frequency (327 MHz) VLBI Survey: First Results

1998 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 141-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Altunin ◽  
A. Beasley ◽  
E. Lűdke ◽  
V. Alekseev ◽  
B. Lipatov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Scattering Medium ◽  
Interstellar Scattering ◽  
The Future ◽  
First Results

AbstractIn this paper we report the first results of the 327 MHz VLBI survey which has been carried out in the last two years to select potential candidate sources for the future SVLBI missions and to search for directions of small scattering-“holes” in the interstellar scattering medium. During the three VLBI sessions conducted so far, we observed about 80 sources. Preliminary data analyzed from the first part of the survey shows that at least 17 out of 50 sources have compact components with a size smaller than 30 mas.

scholarly journals Future Changes in Drought Characteristics under Extreme Climate Change over South Korea

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joo-Heon Lee ◽  
Hyun-Han Kwon ◽  
Ho-Won Jang ◽  
Tae-Woong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Korea ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Significance Test ◽  
Precipitation Index ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
The Future

This study attempts to analyze several drought features in South Korea from various perspectives using a three-month standard precipitation index. In particular, this study aims to evaluate changes in spatial distribution in terms of frequency and severity of droughts in the future due to climate change, using IPCC (intergovernmental panel on climate change) GCM (general circulation model) simulations. First, the Mann-Kendall method was adopted to identify drought trends at the five major watersheds. The simulated temporal evolution of SPI (standardized precipitation index) during the winter showed significant drying trends in most parts of the watersheds, while the simulated SPI during the spring showed a somewhat different feature in the GCMs. Second, this study explored the low-frequency patterns associated with drought by comparing global wavelet power, with significance test. Future spectra decreased in the fractional variance attributed to a reduction in the interannual band from 2 to 8 years. Finally, the changes in the frequency and the severity under climate change were evaluated through the drought spell analyses. Overall features of drought conditions in the future showed a tendency to increase (about 6%) in frequency and severity of droughts during the dry season (i.e., from October to May) under climate change.

scholarly journals Mast cells are necessary for the hypothermic response to LPS-induced sepsis

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (3) ◽  
pp. R595-R602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Nautiyal ◽  
Heather McKellar ◽  
Ann-Judith Silverman ◽  
Rae Silver
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Brain Site ◽  
Hypothermic Response ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Sepsis Induction ◽  
Baseline Temperature ◽  
Ifn Γ

As central nervous system residents, mast cells contain many cytokines and are localized primarily near large blood vessels in the diencephalon and within the leptomeninges, making them candidates for immune to neural “cross talk.” Using mast cell-deficient KitW-sh/W-sh mice, we assessed the role of these cells in the thermoregulatory component of the immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). KitW-sh/W-sh and wild-type (WT) mice differed in several respects in response to injection of a high dose of LPS (1 mg/kg ip). Core temperature (Tc) of WT mice decreased by ∼3°C, whereas KitW-sh/W-sh mice did not become hypothermic but instead exhibited pronounced low-frequency Tc oscillations around their baseline temperature. In addition, KitW-sh/W-sh mice had lower levels of whole brain TNF-α but no differences in IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, or histamine compared with WT mice following injection of the high dose of LPS, consistent with the role of TNF-α in sepsis. KitW-sh/W-sh mice had increased resistance to LPS, and some survived a dose of LPS that was lethal in littermate controls. In contrast, KitW-sh/W-sh and WT mice were similar in other aspects, namely, in the hyperthermia following injection of TNF-α (1.5 μg icv), reduced nighttime Tc and locomotor activity (to 1 mg/kg LPS), response to a low dose of LPS (10 μg/kg ip), and response to subcutaneous turpentine injection. These results indicate that mast cells play a role in the regulation of thermoregulatory responses and survival following sepsis induction and suggest a brain site of action.

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