scholarly journals “Kiev Citizen” Movie by T. Levchuk: Ukrainian Revolution of 1917—1921 in the Ukrainian Soviet Cinematography

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-151
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Khomenko ◽  
Bohdan Skopnenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ideological Manipulation

Cinematography is one of those unique cultural phenomena, whose history has always attracted historians’ interest. In the 20th century, this phenomenon did not only determine the direction of cultural transformations development but also impacted the formation of ideologies and political regimes. Today this topic is especially relevant considering the fact that the propaganda methods, intrinsic of dictatorship systems, namely the Soviet totalitarian regime, are actively used by the antidemocratic Russian power for achieving its political goals. The special interest in the context of the “hybrid warfare” which is currently going on between Russia and Ukraine, causes the construction in the Soviet period cinematography of the image of a “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist” as the instrumental technologies of ideological manipulations used in such movies proved their effectiveness for shaping the outlook of a “new Russian citizen”. Such phenomenon, especially in the 20th century, determined not only the direction of aesthetic transformations of cultural development but also had an impact on the formation of ideologies and strengthening of political regimes. This topic is relevant because the methods of propaganda that were actively used by totalitarian regimes (including the Soviet totalitarian one) are now actively applied by the undemocratic Russian regime to achieve political goals. The construction of the image of the "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist" in the Soviet cinema constitutes special interest in the context of today’s Russia’s "hybrid warfare" against Ukraine. The instrumental technologies of ideological manipulation used in the creation of films have shown their effectiveness in shaping the worldview of the “new Soviet man.” Forms of this type of consciousness still continue to influence the political choices of many citizens of our state. The film “Kiev Citizen”, studied in the article, was created in 1958 by Ukrainian Soviet film director T. Levchuk at Kyiv O. Dovzhenko Studio. This film is a classic example of ideologically biased film production. Using this movie, we can observe technological principles and constructive models of falsification of the 20th–century history of Ukraine by the Soviet regime, in particular the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921. In the film “Kiev Citizen”, the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921 were falsified in order to illustrate the audience the Soviet version of the history of Ukraine and the events connected with the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Soviet propaganda tried to form in this way the audience loyal to the “Soviet empire” type of psychological perception of reality. In particular, the facts related to the Bolsheviks’ attempt to seize power in Kyiv in October 1917, the battles for the Arsenal plant in January 1918, and the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Ukrainian People’s Republic and Germany were falsified.

scholarly journals Ukrainian Revolution of 1917—1921 in the Propaganda Discourse of the Russian Bolshevism: Tymofii Levchuk’s Film “A Kyiv Citizen” (1958)

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Khomenko ◽  
Bohdan Skopnenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The Political ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Soviet Cinema ◽  
Constructive Models ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
Ideological Manipulation ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes

The history of cinema is one of those unique cultural phenomena, which constantly attracts the attention of researchers. This phenomenon, especially in the 20th century, determined not only the direction of aesthetic transformations of the cultural development but also had an impact on the formation of ideologies and the strengthening of political regimes. This topic is relevant because the methods of propaganda that were actively used by totalitarian regimes (including the Soviet totalitarian rule) are now actively used by the undemocratic Russian administration to achieve political goals. The construction of the “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist” image in Soviet cinema is of special interest in the context of Russia's “hybrid warfare” against Ukraine, which continues today. The instrumental technologies of ideological manipulation used in the creation of films have shown their effectiveness in shaping the worldview of the “new Soviet man”. Forms of this type of consciousness still continue to influence the political choices of many citizens of our state. The film “A Kyiv Citizen”, studied in the article, was created in 1958 by the Ukrainian Soviet film director T. Levchuk at the Kyiv O. Dovzhenko Studio. The film is a classic example of the ideologically biased film production. On the example of this film, we can observe technological principles and constructive models used by the Soviet regime to falsify the history of Ukraine in the 20th century, in particular the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921. In the film “A Kyiv Citizen”, the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921 were counterfeited in order to illustrate to the audience the Soviet version of the history of Ukraine and the events related to the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. In such a way, the Soviet propaganda tried to form in the viewer a type of psychological perception of reality loyal to the “Soviet empire”. In particular, the facts related to the Bolsheviks' attempt to seize power in Kyiv in October 1917, the battles for the Arsenal plant in January 1918, and the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Ukrainian People's Republic and Germany were falsified.

“History Misappropriation or Compreension?” (Russian Lihuanian Studies in the 19th and the Beginning of the 20th Century)

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 219-236
Author(s):  
Andrey Yu. Dvornichenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
Scientific Paradigm ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The abundant Russian historiography of the medieval history of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian-Russian State) has become in the last decades the centre of the discussions and is often subject to groundless criticism. This historiography was not very lucky in the Soviet period of the 20th century either, as it was severely criticized from the Marxist-Leninist position. When discussing Russian historiography the author of this article is consciously committed to the Russian positions. There are no reasons to consider this historiography branch either Byelorussian or Ukrainian one, as that was really Russian historiography, - the phenomenon that formed under the favorable specific conditions of Russian Empire before the beginning of the 20th century. The said phenomenon can be studied in different ways: according to the existing then main trends and schools or according to their affiliation with specific universities of Russian Empire. But according to the author of this article the best way to study the issue is in accordance with the main concepts of history. And then the pre-revolutionary historiography appears as an integral scientific paradigm that turns out to be the most divaricate branch of the Lithuanian studies of the time. It created, in its turn, the most vivid and objective historical picture that can still serve as the basis for the studies of Lithuanian-Russian state.

scholarly journals The History of the Aginsk Steppe Duma in the Documents from the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatiya (1839-1904) Has Been Published

2020 ◽  
pp. 950-959
Author(s):  
Victor N. Kazarin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Information Value ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
East Russia ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century

The review of an anthology on the history of the Aginsk Steppe Duma published by drs. B.V. Bazarov, B.T. Zhalsanova, L.V.Kuras notes that hundreds the new archival documents offer a holistic view on the governmental politics concerning one of large ingenious peoples of East Russia. The composers have identified and presented documents reflecting various aspects of local self-government of the Aginsk Duma created on the basis of M.M. Speransky’s Statute on the Inorodtsy of 1822. The review contains a brief characteristic of the archival documents corpus systematized in volumes and argues their information value. The documents contain data on the officials of the Duma, personnel structure in dynamics from its foundation to its termination. The edition offers an array of documents on tax policy pertaining to indigenous population, public censures, correspondence on administrative and land disputes at the turn of the 19th century. Authors-composers have published family lists of the Aginsk buryats. The review underscores the information value of the commentary included in all volumes of the edition, the nominal indexes numbering hundreds of surnames. The illustrative component of this three-volume edition is also emphasized: there are rare photos of officials of the Aginsk department, meetings of tsesarevitch Nikolai Aleksandrovich in Transbaikalia in 1892, deputy of the State Duma, descendants of families from the Transbaikal steppes in the Soviet period. The review emphasizes the importance of such edition for studying governmental policies concerning ingenious peoples, balance of government and local self- government, social and economic and cultural development of East regions in the Imperial period. Materials of the three-volume edition open numerous unpublished documents to researchers. The review notes its value for historians, local historians, archivists, museums employees, and those researching their family tree.

LATGALIAN LITERATURE AND HISTORY OF LATVIAN LITERATURE – TRADITION AND PERSPECTIVES

Via Latgalica ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Sigita Kušnere
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literature History ◽  
Joint Examination

Latgalian literature has received relatively little attention in most studies of Latvian literature, regardless of the time or the type of the studies made, be they studies of individual or collaborative nature. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, it was largely caused by prohibition of Latgalian publications printed in the Latin alphabet. In the following periods Latgalian literature was overlooked because of lack of awareness, sometimes, also by deliberate ignorance, which was dictated by the political situation. Exploration of the current situation is the goal of this study, namely, to present a summary of what has already been accomplished and to indicate the directions where new studies are urgently needed, ideally – through joint examination of Latvian and Latgalian literatures. The summary is based on the analysis of the regularities and main issues found in the works on the history of Latgalian literature. Careful analysis of the literary processes, authors and significant literary works of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as their exposure in the studies of the history of Latvian literature reveals that a short insight in publishing of Latgalian books and periodicals was given, for instance, by Teodors Zeiferts in his fundamental study ‘History of Latvian Literature, Part 2 and 3’ (Latviešu rakstniecības vēsture, 1923, 1925), and Jānis Niedre in ‘Latvian Literature. Part 2’ (Latviešu literatūra, 1953); small essays were also included in the volumes of the collaborative study developed under Ludis Bērziņš’ chief editing ‘History of Latvian Literature’ (Latviešu literatūras vēsture, 1935–1937). However, Latgalian literature was hardly mentioned in the textbooks for the secondary schools (Vilis Plūdons ‘History of Latvian literature for secondary schools, Part 1 and 2’ (Latvju literatūras vēsture vidusskolām, 1927, 1928); Roberts Klaustiņš ‘History of Latvian Literature’ (Latviešu rakstniecības vēsture, 1907)). Neither was it paid any attention by Andrejs Upīts in his ‘History of Contemporary Latvian Literature’ (Latviešu jaunākās rakstniecības vēsture, 1885–1910 (1911)). This leads to a conclusion that the attitude towards the literature written in Latgalian was ambiguous in the first half of the 20th century as it was not fully incorporated in the conceptual analysis of the development processes of Latvian literature. The voluminous ‘History of Latvian Literature’ (Latviešu literatūras vēsture, Volume 1–6, 1956–1963), which was developed during the Soviet period, included depiction of several Latgalian writers: such as Andrivs Jūrdžs and Pīters Miglinīks (Volume 2, 1963); nevertheless they did not provide a sufficient overview of the singularity and development of Latgalian literature and its comparability with the history of Latvian literature. In the editions of the history of Latvian literature, which were written after regain of the national independence, Latgalian literature has not received any focused attention either by the authors of the 3-volume ‘History of Latvian Literature’ (Latviešu literatūras vēsture, 1998–2001) or by, for instance, Guntis Berelis in his monograph study ‘History of Latvian Literature, from the First Writings to 1999’. Having gained no wide coverage in the historical studies of Latvian literature, Latgalian literature has been fundamentally researched in several monographic works of Miķelis Bukšs, Francis Kemps, Janīna Kursīte, Valentīns Lukaševičs, Ilona Salceviča, Alberts Sprūdžs, Anna Stafecka, Vitolds Valeinis and other researchers at various time periods. Nonetheless, the question still stands: whether and how to compare and synchronise Latgalian literature with periodisation and trends of Latvian literature in order to include it in the comprehensive overview of the literature history.

Nikolay Vakhtin. Jazyki narodov severa v XX veke: Ocherki jazykovogo sdviga [Languages of the Peoples of North in the 20th century: Outline of the language shift]. St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 2001. Pp. 344. HB, n.p.

2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Perehvalskaya
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Far East ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Far East Of Russia ◽  
The Far East ◽  
History Of

It would be unjust to say that languages of ethnic minorities of Siberia and the Far East of Russia have not received the attention of linguists and anthropologists, yet until now there has been no book that has gathered, classified, and compared data on the sociolinguistic situation of these minorities over the whole Soviet period. This is the topic of Vakhtin's new book. It deals almost exclusively with the exterior aspect of the history of the languages; it does not analyze structural changes in the languages themselves.

scholarly journals RUSSIA’S FAMINE AND EPIDEMICS HISTORY IN RUSSIA: HISTORIOGRAPHICAL SITUATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Viktor V. Kondrashin ◽  
◽  
Gennady E. Kornilov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Regional Aspect ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to the analysis of Russian and foreign historiography of the problem of famine and epidemics in Russia’s history. It notes the undoubted success of Russian and foreign scholars in the study of famine in Russia, especially in the Soviet period. Turning to the theme of the 1932–1933 famine in the USSR, the authors conclude that the assessments of its causes, scales and consequences in the works of Russian and the most authoritative foreign researchers coincide. The article points to the achievements of Russian and foreign historians in the study of the famine of 1891–1892, as well as the period of the Great Patriotic War. In the latter case, studying the history of the Leningrad blockade and the Nazi policy of organizing famine in the occupied territories of the USSR is meant. The article also analyzes the results of the study of epidemics in the history of Russia. Knowledge has been accumulated about the largest epidemics, the government’s measures to combat and prevent them. At the same time, epidemics and their threats in the second half of the 20th century have been poorly studied. The problem is not being actively investigated within the framework of an interdisciplinary approach and social history. The authors of the article point to the need to create a generalizing work on Russia’s famine and epidemics history using an interdisciplinary approach and with an emphasis on the regional aspect of the problem.

scholarly journals Events in Ukraine 1914–1922 Their Importance and Historical Background (Part 2)

2019 ◽  
pp. 207-243
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Makar ◽  
Yuriy Makar ◽  
Vitaly Semenko ◽  
Andriy Stetsyuk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia

The editorial board continues to publish the most significant documents, which characterize the status and progress of the Ukrainian national liberation movement, its vision in other countries in the early 20th century. The documents from the first book «Events in Ukraine 1914–1922 their importance and historical background» were published in Volume 39 of the Scientific journal. We publish the papers from the second book in current volume. We have selected 10 documents that chronologically cover the period from January 17 to May 9, 1918, and reproduce the vision of the Ukrainian problem by the ruling circles of Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany, as well as the efforts of Ukrainian public-political figures aimed at the election of Ukraineʼs independence, reproduce the atmosphere of negotiations in Brest-Litovsk. The Austrian drafts of the imperial manifesto on the occasion of the peace treaty with Ukraine and the protocols of meetings of the German, Austrian and Ukrainian delegations during the preparation of the peace treaty are presented as the first 4 documents. The text of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty signed on 9February, 1918 is the fifth document. The following five documents characterize the attitude of Soviet Russia and Poland to the provisions of the Treaty, as well as Germany’s attitude to the state affiliation of the Kholmshchyna. These documents will be useful for both students and researchers of international relations and history of Ukraine in the early 20th century. Whereas we have selected documents from different parts of the book, we stored their serial numbers. Page numbers are shown in square brackets after the text. The language, style of the headings and captions, cursive and text selection are all preserved. Also, for convenience of possible use by interested persons, we submit to them a list of abbreviations from the second book in the original. Keywords: Austro-Hungarian Empire, Brest-Litovsk peace treaty, Galicia, Germany, Ukraine, The Ukrainian Peopleʼs Republic, Ukrainian national movement, Ukrainians, Kholmshchyna.

scholarly journals In Anticipation of Disaster: The Beginnings of Croatian Modernism and the End of the Empire

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-25
Author(s):  
Nataliya Zlydneva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
History Of ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
Theoretical Issues

The essay deals with the history of the first steps of modernism in Croatian visual arts in the 1910s – beginnings of the 1920s, which took the form of expressionism. In the aspect of early expressionism, the work of the most significant Croatian painters and graphic artists (L. Babić, M. Trepse and others), as well as sculptors (I. Meštrović), considered in the context of the art of the Balkan region (Serbian and Slovenian artists) as a whole, is observed. A number of theoretical issues are touched upon – the typology of symbolism and impressionism, closely related to Croatian expressionism, as well as the problem of isomorphism of expressionism poetics as an integral part of the avant-garde to the phenomenon of explosion in culture. The research shows that the beginnings of the Croatian modernism, which coincided with the end of the empire, reflect the specifics of the Balkan model of cultural development in the 20th century, based on the convergence of extremes.

scholarly journals PSRS Literatūras fonda Latvijas republikāniskās nodaļas poliklīnika: ieskats atmiņu mantojumā un funkcijās

Letonica ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
Agija Ābiķe-Kondrāte
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Support Function ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Basic Service ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Treatment Function ◽  
History Of ◽  
Domestic Lives

Respecting the ideological aspects of the totalitarian regime and interpreting the most significant functions of the institution, the article provides an insight in one of the institutions under the supervision of the Latvian Republican branch of the USSR Foundation for Literature—the Polyclinic of Latvian Republican Branch of the USSR Foundation for Literature—locally the most important medical institution for the representatives of creative professions and related persons. This polyclinic was one of the most prestigious medical institutions in the entire Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and was commonly referred to as the Polyclinic of Writers or the Polyclinic of Lit-Foundation. In the framework of the functions of this institution, the article sheds light on various memories of the previous employees and patients looking into their memoirs, memory literature and interviews. The article briefly examines the importance of the two leading or key persons—the Director of the LSSR Foundation for Literature Elvīra Zaķe (1909–1992) and the Head of the Polyclinic, Head Doctor Vitāls Oga (1924–1984), as well as their role in the domestic lives of the creative individuals and cultural history of the Soviet period. The most essential five functions, which characterise the activities and existence of the Polyclinic are the following: 1) basic—service or treatment function; 2) the psychological support function; 3) (LSSR) the ideological-prestige function; 4) the function of sustaining Latvian cultural environment; 5) the function of a cultural sign (entails the processes of the respective period and the history of literary circles).

Smuggling and Fighting It in the Russian Far East in the End of the 19th and in the First Quarter of the 20th Century: Prospects of Forming a Source Base

2018 ◽  
pp. 1081-1091
Author(s):  
Natalya A. Belyaeva ◽  
◽  
Natalya A. Shabelnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
The Far East ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Far East

The article is devoted to the problems of forming a sources base for studying the history of fighting smuggling in the Russian Far East, a subject which is becoming a line of historical research. In many respects, this is due to activation of scientific activity in the Far Eastern departmental universities. Transfer of the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East from Tomsk to Vladivostok has played its role in studying smuggling as a historical phenomenon in the Far East. Although they appreciate the work done for introducing into scientific use Soviet period documents from state and departmental archives, the authors can’t help noting fragmentary use of documents of the RGIA DV. This is what prevents reconstruction of a complete and objective picture of fighting smuggling in the periphery. The authors study new possibilities of forming a source base for studying the history of combating smuggling in the first decades of the 20th century. They note that opening all fonds the RGIA DV for researchers in 2013 created favorable conditions for comprehensive study of customs records, this peculiar source on the history of smuggling. A complex of these documents is preserved in the fonds of the customs agencies that operated in the Amur and Trans-Baikal area in the pre-revolutionary period: regional offices of customs administration, custom offices, custom posts. They had to shoulder the bulk of counter-smuggling work in the absence of border guard. Study of some archival cases demonstrates information potential of customs record keeping. The authors contend the need to improve the methods of identification and introduction into scientific use of sources on the history of fighting smuggling. Further prospects for development of this line of historical research are associated with use of the entire complex of customs agencies documents which is supposed to expand the subject-matter and to force researchers to address it not just as a crime, but also as a social and cultural phenomenon.

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