scholarly journals Establishing white clover (Trifolium repens) in high pest density regions

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 248-255
Author(s):  
J.L. Brock ◽  
J.P.J. Eerens ◽  
A. Rahman ◽  
D.J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fallow Period ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
Pest Density ◽  
Clover Content

Four field trials were conducted on commercial dairy farms in Waikato and Manawatu to develop guidelines for reestablishing white clover into vigorous grass pastures Treatments were designed to (1) determine the minimum clover fallow period needed to minimise clover pest populations and (2) identify options for reintroducing white clover Tribenuron proved damaging to grass and results for thifensulfuron were variable Dicamba was effective in removing clover and the length of clover fallow required to remove clover root weevil larvae appeared to be 68 months Glyphosate applied at sowing reduced pasture cover significantly for up to 10 weeks but seedling establishment was improved by 50100 The reintroduction of clover was better in autumn than spring but no treatment resulted in increased long term clover content of the pasture This was due to both poor emergence and survival of clover seedlings facing severe competition from resident well established grass plants

scholarly journals Performance of nematode-resistant white clover in field trials

2005 ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
C.F. Mercer ◽  
R.N. Watson ◽  
D.R. Woodfield
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Plant Vigour ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
High Level ◽  
Better Than

Breeding for improved resistance and tolerance to the clover root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne trifoliophila, and the clover cyst nematode, Heterodera trifolii , has been successful in white c lover, Trifolium repens. White clover lines developed from three independent breeding programmes were established in field trials at Lincoln, Palmerston North, Cambridge and Kerikeri. Plants were established in areas either untreated or treated with nematicide, so as to have contrasting pest loads on the plant material and evaluated for up to 4 years. Plant vigour was scored before each grazing at each site. Clover cyst nematode cysts were counted twice in Palmerston North and all nematodes were counted in stained roots on four occasions in Cambridge. Resistant lines from the clover cyst nematode programme performed better than susceptible lines and as well as most cultivars reflecting the high level of resistance developed in this glasshouse-based programme. This resistance was also reflected in the generally lower number of cysts counted under resistant lines from Palmerston North. The root-knot nematode resistant material performed better than the susceptible and as well as most cultivars. The tolerance selections, developed under field conditions, performed as well as, or better than the cultivars. The selections from the breeding programmes have exhibited strong agronomic potential across locations and years and the best material has been crossed, with progeny being assessed in current field trials. Keywords: Heterodera trifolii, Meloidogyne trifoliophila, nematode, pasture, resistance, tolerance, white clover

scholarly journals Performance of new dairy pastures

2012 ◽  
pp. 159-164
Author(s):  
A.L. Taylor ◽  
T.J. Fraser ◽  
W. McG King
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farms ◽  
No Production ◽  
Ongoing Trial ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
Clover Root

It is common practice to renew old and "run-out" pastures that are not performing. Renewing pasture is costly so it is critical that the regrassing pays off. This trial on ten irrigated dairy farms from North Canterbury to North Otago was initiated to determine the value of regrassing on long term production and persistence of the new pastures. A pasture, deemed as run-out by the farmer, was subdivided and one half was renewed to a novel endophyte ryegrass pasture while the remainder of the paddock remained in the old pasture. The new pasture was compared with the original and another pasture on the same farm, considered by the farmer to be high performing. Pasture composition, production, and quality and pasture pests and endophyte infection have been monitored for two years. Herbage production is presented for the first 2 years of an ongoing trial, with quality and determination of wild/novel endophyte. When averaged across all 10 farms, the "control", "new" and "good" paddocks have all produced 15 t DM/ha in the year to May 2012. Levels of novel endophyte have remained high in the majority of new paddocks over the first 2 years. Clover root weevil is now present on all ten farms, at high levels (>200/m2) in some paddocks. Production from the new pastures equalled the total DM production from old pastures within 10 months of sowing. However, 2 years following pasture renewal, there has been no production advantage achieved from regrassing a stable old pasture. Keywords: pasture renewal, pasture persistence, irrigated dairy pastures, endophyte, pasture production, pasture composition

scholarly journals White clover: loss in drought and subsequent recovery

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
I.M. Knowles ◽  
T.J. Fraser ◽  
M.J. Daly
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Subsequent Recovery ◽  
The North ◽  
Rate Of Recovery

There are limitations to the production and persistence of white clover in drought prone regions. We report on the population dynamics of white clover during the summer/autumn drought of 2000. Seventeen paddocks were selected from Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury and North Otago on the east coast of the South Island, and Wairarapa in the North Island. The pastures were sown in 1998/99 and are comprised of ryegrass, tall fescue, cocksfoot or combinations of these as the grass base, with white clover included in the mix. White clover populations were monitored pre- and post-drought using tiller cores. The percentage of each region's long-term mean rainfall received during the 6-month "drought period" had the largest influence on the presence of white clover in these pastures. Marlborough, with only 73 mm of rainfall during November 2000-April 2001 (23% of its expected rainfall) suffered a 95% reduction in white clover. Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury and North Otago, at 53-61% of expected rainfall had a 40-78% loss. In contrast, Wairarapa, with 303 mm of rainfall, lost only 8%. The rate of recovery was closely related to the magnitude of white clover loss during drought. In regions where large losses occurred, further sampling after 18 months showed little increase in white clover presence. Key words: drought, persistence, populations, seedling, Trifolium repens, white clover

The role of fungi and nematodes as factors associated with death of white clover (Trifolium repens) stolons over summer in south-eastern Queensland

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (88) ◽  
pp. 789 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAG Irwin ◽  
RM Jones
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
One Year

A series of laboratory and field trials examined the role of both fungi and nematodes in causing stolon death of white clover (Trifolium repens) which is typically encountered over summer/early autumn in sub-tropical coastal Queensland. Pythium middletonii was consistently isolated from necrotic stolons and roots of Trifolium spp. collected at a range of sites, and was the only fungal species isolated that was pathogenic to white clover seedlings in glasshouse tests. Under controlled environment conditions P. middletonii also caused a root and stolon rot of mature plants similar to that observed in the field. Preliminary studies suggested that some naturalized white clover strains are more resistant as seedlings than commercial white clover cultivars. In 1974-75 and 1975-76 fungicides were applied at monthly intervals over summer to grazed pastures at two sites. Stolon death was significantly reduced by fungicide at one site in one year. The possible role of plant parasitic nematodes in the decline syndrome was investigated in 1975 at three sites: the decline in clover was significantly reduced by nematicide at each site.

The potential of seed-shedding and seedling development to contribute to the persistence of white clover (Trifolium repens) in grazed swards in Uruguay

2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. WILMAN ◽  
F. OLMOS ◽  
R. S. HAMILTON
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Site Competition ◽  
Grazed Swards ◽  
Better Than

The present study was conducted to investigate whether white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in grazed swards in Uruguay can produce and shed sufficient seed, and whether sufficient seedlings can develop and survive, to make an important contribution to the long-term persistence of the species. Five sites, on which survival of white clover had been better than is usual in Uruguay, were studied in 1995–97. The sites had been sown with white clover 11–15 years previously and were managed mainly by cattle grazing. The number of white clover inflorescences/m2 was at least 18 at nearly half the counts in the study and the number of viable seeds in the top 5 cm of soil was at least 1500 at half the counts. The results for both the above variables suggest that all five sites had a supply of seed greater than a commercial seed rate at some times of the year. However, the number of seedlings/m2 was >100, a possible target in these conditions, at only one fifth of the counts, and the proportion of seedlings that survived from one recording date to the next (a period of 4–5 weeks) varied from >0·7 to zero. It seems, therefore, that, in these conditions, the failure of seeds to convert to established plants is likely to be a greater constraint than the production and shedding of seeds. There was considerable variability with time, and between and within sites at each stage of the reproductive cycle. On one site, competition from Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) greatly reduced the number of white clover seedlings/m2. Overall, the results suggest that white clover in grazed swards in Uruguay can produce and shed sufficient seed, and that sufficient seedlings can develop and survive, to make a significant contribution to the long-term persistence of the species. However, each year there is a risk of seedlings being killed in dry, hot weather.

scholarly journals Relationship between Sitona lepidus larval numbers and white clover seed production

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
P.J. Gerard
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Seed Crops

Plots of two cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens) Grasslands Prestige (smallleaved early flowering) and Grasslands Kopu (largeleaved later flowering) were established in coldframe beds Clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) larval numbers were manipulated to obtain winter larval densities ranging from 0 to over 1000/m2 Increasing winter larval densities increased Prestige seed production (g/m2) when harvested on 28 December and 10 January and the trend was still evident on 24 January No such relationships were found in Kopu for the early and middle harvests but at the late harvest increasing winter larval densities had a negative impact on seed production The results indicate that the effect of clover root weevil larvae on second year clover seed crops may vary substantially between cultivars and may even be positive rather than negative

The bionomics of an invasive speciesSitona lepidusduring its establishment in New Zealand

2009 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Gerard ◽  
S.L. Goldson ◽  
S. Hardwick ◽  
P.J. Addison ◽  
B.E. Willoughby
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Boom And Bust ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
Exotic Pest ◽  
Boom And Bust Cycle ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Adult Abundance

AbstractThe egg, larval, pupal and adult abundance of the clover root weevilSitona lepidusGyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was monitored at three sites for the first ten years following the discovery of this exotic pest in the Waikato region of New Zealand. The species went through an initial boom and bust cycle at two sites, with populations reaching up to 1800 larvae m−2. Thereafter, winter larval populations were relatively stable, ranging between 450–750 m−2. Unlike in the Northern Hemisphere,S. lepiduswas found to have two generations a year in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Pasture white clover content at the time of peak adult numbers was positively related to the subsequent peak larval populations for each generation. The factors contributing to the emergence ofS. lepidusas one of the most important pasture pests in New Zealand are discussed.

Influence of seeding time on the yield of white clover/orchardgrass mixtures in Atlantic Canada

1993 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fraser ◽  
H. T. Kunelius
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Seeding Time ◽  
Simulated Grazing ◽  
Clover Content

SUMMARYThe influence of four seeding times on herbage dry matter (DM) yields and clover content of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)/orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) mixtures was evaluated at Truro, Nova Scotia and Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island from 1985 to 1988. Sacramento, Sonja and Milkanova white clover/orchardgrass mixtures were assessed under simulated grazing (four or five harvests per year) over two production years at each location.Delaying seeding from May to August reduced total herbage DM yields significantly in the first production year, from 8·1 to 3·3 t/ha in Truro and from 11·0 to 7·2 t/ha in Charlottetown. Late seeding significantly reduced clover content in the herbage of the first two harvests in the first production year but, by the mid to late-season harvests, white clover content had increased to levels similar to those of the May seeding. Estimated white clover DM yields were highest in June, and dropped in the second production year at both locations. Sonja and Milkanova white clovers consistently outyielded Sacramento in herbage DM yields and clover content in both locations irrespective of seeding dates.

scholarly journals Investigations into suitability of Trifolium occidentale as a host plant for two common pasture pests

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 250-255
Author(s):  
P.J. Gerard ◽  
K.M. O'Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Trifolium Occidentale

Western clover (Trifolium occidentale) is a diploid perennial clover that is reported to be one of the progenitors of white clover (Trifolium repens) The ability to produce hybrids between T repens and T occidentale provides an opportunity to introduce factors to improve white clover tolerance to common stress factors A series of assays was undertaken to compare the feeding and performance of two contrasting pests on two T occidentale lines and two T repens cultivars Clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) adults showed a preference for T repens but this diminished if weevils had been previously exposed to T occidentale Weevil longevity feeding levels and oviposition were comparable over 32 days indicating T occidentale is a host plant for adult S lepidus Clover flea (Sminthurus viridis) showed a strong preference for T repens over T occidentale in a choice test and higher feeding levels on T repens in the nochoice test

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