scholarly journals UJI KUALITAS TELUR AYAM RAS DI KOTA MANOKWARI

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
. Kasmiati ◽  
Sintje Lumatauw ◽  
Iriani Sumpe
Keyword(s):  
Period 2 ◽  
Local Farmer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Egg Transport ◽  
Egg Freshness

A study was conducted to evaluate table eggs in Manokwari city. A total of 300 eggs were examined for external and internal qualities. The eggs were gathered from different places: local farmer for local eggs (1 respondent), markets for imported eggs (2 respondents)), supermarkets (4 respondents), egg distributors (1 respondent), and stalls (10 respondents)). The egg examinations were done twice, first was the time when no ship for egg transport came to Manokwari (period 1) to assume that the eggs had been kept for quite long before reached the consumers and second was the time when ship for egg transport that just arrived to Manokwari with the assumption that he eggs were still relatively fresh (periode 2). Results showed that the majority of table eggs in Manokwari had brown shells followed by spotted and light brown, all with oval shapes. Eggs gathered at period 2 were larger than those of period 1; local eggs were significantly heavier than imported eggs due to the difference of egg freshness. The local eggs of period 2 showed a very good air sac with AA quality, while the imported eggs had the air sac quality for A and B. The highest yolk score (8.88) were observed at local eggs at period 2.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Irrigation Access on Sticky Rice Productivity: Evidence from Lao PDR

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bouasone Sengsourivong ◽  
Masaru Ichihashi
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Rice Productivity ◽  
Monitoring Procedure ◽  
Local Farmer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

This study estimates the impact of irrigation on household sticky rice productivity in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) by applying propensity score matching (PSM) and the difference-in-differences (DID) method. This paper utilizes panel data from the Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey (LECS) from 2003 to 2013. The results show that the average sales value and total production of sticky rice for irrigated households is greater than those for non-irrigated households by around 36 to 38% per season. Moreover, irrigated households experience improved sticky rice productivity of approximately 2.44 tons per hectare, per season, compared to non-irrigated households. In particular, compared to households with access to irrigation in one period of the surveys, households with access to irrigation in two periods of the surveys have nearly double the sticky rice productivity. Therefore, long-term access to irrigation is more effective for sticky rice productivity. However, we cannot find any evidence to support the impact of irrigation on household consumption. Some policy implications that can be derived from this research are that farmers should be intensively promoted to make the most use of irrigation, development of irrigation system is highly needed, and to ensure effectiveness of irrigation utilization local farmer involvement in monitoring procedure of irrigation is necessary.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequality in recent adverse all-cause mortality trends in Scotland

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 971-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda Fenton ◽  
Grant MA Wyper ◽  
Gerry McCartney ◽  
Jon Minton
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Socioeconomic Gradient ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mortality Improvement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mortality Improvements ◽  
Index Of Multiple Deprivation

BackgroundGains in life expectancies have stalled in Scotland, as in several other countries, since around 2012. The relationship between stalling mortality improvements and socioeconomic inequalities in health is unclear.MethodsWe calculate the difference, as percentage change, in all-cause, all-age, age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) between 2006 and 2011 (period 1) and between 2012 and 2017 (period 2), for Scotland overall, by sex, and by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) quintile. Linear regression is used to summarise the relationship between SIMD quintile and mortality rate change in each period.ResultsBetween 2006 and 2011, the overall ASMR fell by 10.6% (138/100 000), by 10.1% in women, and 11.8% in men, but between 2012 and 2017 the overall ASMR fell by only 2.6% (30/100 000), by 3.5% in women, and by 2.0% in men. Within the most deprived quintile, the overall ASMR fell by 8.6% (143/100 000) from 2006 to 2011 (7.2% in women; 9.8% in men), but rose by 1.5% (21/100 000) from 2012 to 2017 (0.7% in women; 2.1% in men).The socioeconomic gradient in ASMR improvement more than quadrupled, from 0.4% per quintile in period 1, to 1.7% per quintile in period 2.ConclusionFrom 2012 to 2017, socioeconomic gradients in mortality improvement in Scotland were markedly steeper than over the preceding 6 years. As a result, there has not only been a slowdown in overall reductions in mortality, but a widening of socioeconomic mortality inequalities.

scholarly journals Pelvic floor dysfunction in primiparous women up to 6 months after delivery: cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheyla Guimarães Oliveira ◽  
Adriana Caroci-Becker ◽  
Edilaine de Paula Batista Mendes ◽  
Maria Luiza Gonzalez Riesco ◽  
Robson da Costa Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction ◽  
Cesarean Sections ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Primiparous Women ◽  
Type Of Delivery

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze pelvic floor muscular strength (PFMS), urinary (UI) and anal (AI) incontinence and dyspareunia in primiparous women up to 6 months after normal or cesarean delivery. Methods: this is a prospective cohort with 169 women (128 normal births, 41 cesarean sections), followed between 50-70 and 170-190 days postpartum, when PFMS was measured using perineometry, and UI and AI and dyspareunia, through interview. Results: PFMS, UI and dyspareunia were similar between types of delivery. The difference was significant only for the time elapsed, with improvement in the studied period (2 and 6 months postpartum). Regarding AI, there was a significant difference between 2 and 6 months postpartum, with an interaction between type of delivery and time (p=0.022). Conclusion: the type of delivery did not show any influence on pelvic floor dysfunctions, except for AI. For all outcomes, there was an improvement in the period studied.

Quantitative Aspects of the Change of Phototropic Sign in Daphnia

1932 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-211
Author(s):  
GEORGE L. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
Minimum Length ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Table Xiii ◽  
Duration Of Response ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Periodic Changes

1. A quantitative study of the responses of Daphnia magna to light was made with the use of an experimental trough illuminated horizontally through one end by a uniform beam of light. The intensity of light was changed by shifting the position of a neutral glass "wedge" interposed in the beam of light. 2. The difference in the position of Daphnia when positively phototropic and when negatively phototropic is a difference in the postural angle at which the antennae are held, and not a difference in the direction of orientation of the whole organism--the animal's back being toward the light under all circumstances. 3. The primary sign of phototropism is not altered according to the absolute intensity of the light, but is affected by (1) the age of the individual, (2) the temperature of the water, and (3) the condition of the culture medium. Sometimes a "spontaneous" change in the primary sign of phototropism occurs. 4. The occasional movements observed to occur in the direction opposite to that of the primary sign of phototropism appear to be essentially periodic in respect to their times of inception and their duration. These periodic movements of Daphnia are not due to recurring periods of increased or of decreased activity, but probably represent periodic changes in the underlying photic mechanism. 5. "Variability" of the responses of Daphnia to successive identical tests gives evidence of being fundamentally periodic. A system of experimentation was devised to eliminate the error due to this variability, in so far as this was possible. 6. It was found that the rate and the magnitude of the change of illumination must rise above a certain threshold to be effective in causing a reversal of phototropic sign. A minimum length of exposure to bright light before the test is made is also necessary. 7. The relations of (1) length of the latent period, (2) speed of response, (3) magnitude of response, and (4) duration of response to (a) amount of reduction of light intensity, (b) duration of previous exposure to light, (c) duration of previous sojourn in dark, and (d) temperature of the water, were investigated, and the results have been summarised in Table XIII. 8. My observations are consistent with Ewald's conclusions that orientation of Daphnia is based on a mechanism which is entirely distinct from that responsible for the other three aspects of phototropism, namely (1) persistent phototropic swimming under any constant illumination, (2) periodic changes of phototropic sign under constant low illumination, and (3) reversal of phototropism produced by changes of light intensity. 9. It is shown that these other aspects of phototropism of Daphnia could be accounted for by one mechanism of excitation, if it were photoreversible and properly controlled. A theory is proposed that this mechanism is a reversible photochemical system such as that used by Hecht. The theoretical requirements of the mechanism would be fulfilled on the assumption (1) that equilibrium in the system would result in the maintenance of the persistent primary sign of phototropism, and (2) that the upsetting of this equilibrium would result in the production of the secondary signs. Upsetting of the equilibrium by some internal rhythmic process and by changes of illumination would account for periodic phototropic movements and for induced reversals of phototropic sign, respectively. 10. The results of the experiments on the photic responses have been reviewed in the terms of the proposed theory, and it is found that the evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that a reversible photochemical system is the basis for these aspects of the phototropism of Daphnia.

Forest to Mill Timber Price Trends and Volatility for Mississippi Timber Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-187
Author(s):  
T. Eric McConnell ◽  
Bruno Kanieski da Silva ◽  
Changyou Sun ◽  
Shaun M. Tanger
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Price Expectations ◽  
Rotation Length ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Timber Products ◽  
Price Trends ◽  
The Difference

Abstract We examined timber price trends along the Mississippi roundwood supply chain. Quarterly statewide data from Timber Mart-South for pine sawtimber, pine pulpwood, mixed hardwood sawtimber, and pulpwood were obtained covering 1992 to 2018. Prices for stumpage, delivered logs, and timber conversion—measured as the difference between delivered wood and stumpage—were analyzed across products for the 27-year series, as well as three equally spaced 9-year periods (Period 1, 1992 to 2000; Period 2, 2001 to 2009; Period 3, 2010 to 2018). Flat delivered wood prices, increased rates for timber conversion, and declining pine sawtimber and pulpwood stumpage prices were revealed over the long term. Hardwood product prices, however, increased across their supply chains. Prices have generally become less volatile, particularly from Period 2 to Period 3, indicating an increasing degree of price homogeneity within each product's market. The exception to this was pine sawtimber, suggesting resource, locational, and/or market differences may have emerged for this product. The hardwood price trends supported, as appropriate, considering silvicultural options to allow this resource's continued growth. Declining price expectations for pine products call into question any strictly financial rationale for extending rotation length.

scholarly journals Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of GP2015, an etanercept biosimilar, compared with the reference etanercept in patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis: 24-week results from the comparative phase III, randomised, double-blind EQUIRA study

RMD Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. e000757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Matucci-Cerinic ◽  
Yannick Allanore ◽  
Arthur Kavanaugh ◽  
Maya H Buch ◽  
Hendrik Schulze-Koops ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Inadequate Response ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Equivalent Efficacy ◽  
The Difference

ObjectivesTo demonstrate the equivalent efficacy and compare the safety and immunogenicity of an etanercept biosimilar, GP2015, with reference etanercept (ETN) in patients with moderate-to-severe, active rheumatoid arthritis (RA), characterised by an inadequate response to synthetic or biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).MethodsIn the EQUIRA study, eligible patients (n=376) were randomised 1: 1 to 50  mg GP2015 or ETN subcutaneously, once weekly, for 24 weeks (treatment period 1). Patients from both groups, with at least moderate European League Against Rheumatism response at week 24, received GP2015 up to week 48 (treatment period 2). All patients continued to receive concomitant methotrexate at a stable dose (10–25  mg/week) until end of the study. The 24-week results are presented here.ResultsEquivalent efficacy between GP2015 and ETN was demonstrated if the 95% CI for the difference in disease activity score 28-joint count C reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) change from baseline to week 24 between treatment arms was contained within the prespecified equivalence margin range of −0.6 to 0.6. The least squares mean difference (GP2015–ETN) in change from baseline in DAS28-CRP up to week 24 was −0.07 (95% CI −0.26 to 0.12 [primary endpoint)]. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was comparable between GP2015 (43.5%) and ETN (49.5%). None of the GP2015-treated patients developed neutralising anti-drug antibodies (NAbs) whereas 1.6% and 0.6% of patients in ETN group were NAb positive at weeks 4 and 12, respectively.ConclusionIn patients with RA who had an inadequate response to DMARDs, GP2015 demonstrated a similar efficacy and a comparable safety and immunogenicity profile with ETN.Trial registrationNCT02638259.

scholarly journals Reliability of Google Trends: Analysis of the Limits and Potential of Web Infoveillance During COVID-19 Pandemic and for Future Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Rovetta
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Confidence Threshold ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Affected Country ◽  
Day By Day

Background: Alongside the COVID-19 pandemic, government authorities around the world have had to face a growing infodemic capable of causing serious damages to public health and economy. In this context, the use of infoveillance tools has become a primary necessity.Objective: The aim of this study is to test the reliability of a widely used infoveillance tool which is Google Trends. In particular, the paper focuses on the analysis of relative search volumes (RSVs) quantifying their dependence on the day they are collected.Methods: RSVs of the query coronavirus + covid during February 1—December 4, 2020 (period 1), and February 20—May 18, 2020 (period 2), were collected daily by Google Trends from December 8 to 27, 2020. The survey covered Italian regions and cities, and countries and cities worldwide. The search category was set to all categories. Each dataset was analyzed to observe any dependencies of RSVs from the day they were gathered. To do this, by calling i the country, region, or city under investigation and j the day its RSV was collected, a Gaussian distribution Xi=X(σi,x¯i) was used to represent the trend of daily variations of xij=RSVsij. When a missing value was revealed (anomaly), the affected country, region or city was excluded from the analysis. When the anomalies exceeded 20% of the sample size, the whole sample was excluded from the statistical analysis. Pearson and Spearman correlations between RSVs and the number of COVID-19 cases were calculated day by day thus to highlight any variations related to the day RSVs were collected. Welch’s t-test was used to assess the statistical significance of the differences between the average RSVs of the various countries, regions, or cities of a given dataset. Two RSVs were considered statistical confident when t<1.5. A dataset was deemed unreliable if the confident data exceeded 20% (confidence threshold). The percentage increase Δ was used to quantify the difference between two values.Results: Google Trends has been subject to an acceptable quantity of anomalies only as regards the RSVs of Italian regions (0% in both periods 1 and 2) and countries worldwide (9.7% during period 1 and 10.9% during period 2). However, the correlations between RSVs and COVID-19 cases underwent significant variations even in these two datasets (Max |Δ| = + 625% for Italian regions, and Max |Δ|= +175%  for countries worldwide). Furthermore, only RSVs of countries worldwide did not exceed confidence threshold. Finally, the large amount of anomalies registered in Italian and international cities’ RSVs made these datasets unusable for any kind of statistical inference.Conclusion: In the considered timespans, Google Trends has proved to be reliable only for surveys concerning RSVs of countries worldwide. Since RSVs values showed a high dependence on the day they were gathered, it is essential for future research that the authors collect queries’ data for several consecutive days and work with their RSVs averages instead of daily RSVs, trying to minimize the standard errors until an established confidence threshold is respected. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this method.

scholarly journals Effects of Urbanization and Climate Change on Peak Flows over the San Antonio River Basin, Texas

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 2371-2389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Zhao ◽  
Huilin Gao ◽  
Lan Cuo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
San Antonio ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Peak Flows ◽  
Uncertainty Range ◽  
Annual Peak ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Land Cover Maps

Abstract A thorough understanding of the peak flows under urbanization and climate change—with the associated uncertainties—is indispensable for mitigating the negative social, economic, and environmental impacts from flooding. In this paper, a case study was conducted by applying the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) to the San Antonio River basin (SARB), Texas. Historical and future land-cover maps were assembled to represent the urbanization process. Future climate and its uncertainties were represented by a series of designed scenarios using the Change Factor (CF) method. The factors were calculated by comparing the model ensemble from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) with baseline historical climatology during two future periods (2020–49, period 1; 2070–99, period 2). It was found that with urban impervious areas increasing alone, annual peak flows may increase from 601 (period 1) to 885 m3 s−1 (period 2). With regard to climate change, annual peak flows driven by forcings from maximum, median, and minimum CFs under four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) were analyzed. While the median values of future annual peak flows—forced by the median CF values—are very similar to the baseline under all RCPs, in each case the uncertainty range (calculated as the difference between annual peak flows driven by the maximum and minimum CFs) is very large. When urbanization and climate change coevolve, these averaged annual peak flows from the four RCPs will increase from 447 (period 1) to 707 m3 s−1 (period 2), with the uncertainties associated with climate change more than 3 times greater than those from urbanization.

Causes of differences in urinary excretion of purine derivatives in buffaloes and cattle

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vo Thi Kim Thanh ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rumen Development ◽  
Swamp Buffalo ◽  
The Difference

AbstractIn experiment 1, three male calves of Vietnamese cattle and three maleVietnamese swamp buffalo calves were weaned after receiving colostrum and reared by bottle feeding of milk. During the 1st month the animal did not have access to solid food. Urine was collected to determine differences in endogenous excretion of purine between the two types of animal. After that they were given access to equal amount of solid food for 2 months to stimulate rumen development, urine was again collected to determine the differences in purine excretion. In experiment 2, the same animals were given milk mixed with purines in three treatments (0, 1·7 and 3·4 g/day). The same animals were used in experiment 3 for intravenous allantoin infusion, to test the effect of purines themselves introduced into the plasma.The results showed that in period 1 of experiment 1 there was no significant difference in purine excretion between the two types of animal. The excretion being 0·65 mmol/kg M 0·75 for cattle and 0·69 mmol/kg M 0·75for buffaloes calves, respectively. For period 2, after rumen development there were significant differences between two types of animal. The excretion from buffaloes (0·26 mmol/kg M0·75) being less than half that of cattle (0·69 mmol/kg M 0·75).In experiment 2 the regression of purine excretion mmol/day (y) was y=0·6279x+9·1496 for cattle calves and y=0·2618x+5·8594 for buffalo calves where x was the purine given.In experiment 3, from each mmol of allantoin infusion, the recovery was about 0·70 in cattle but only half (0·32) in buffaloes ( P<0·01).It is clearly shown that the difference in purine derivative excretion occur only after rumen development It is suggested that glomerular filtration rate may be lower in buffaloes than cattle leaving more time in the blood thus more time for recycling to the rumen and metabolized by bacteria or the permeability from the blood to the rumen is greater in buffaloes than cattle.

scholarly journals Turnover of muscle protein in the fowl. Changes in rates of protein synthesis and breakdown during hypertrophy of the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles

1978 ◽  
Vol 176 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Laurent ◽  
M P Sparrow ◽  
D J Millward
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Latissimus Dorsi ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
Anterior Latissimus Dorsi ◽  
The Difference

Measurements were made of the growth and of the changes in rates of protein turnover in the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the adult fowl in response to the attachment of a weight to one wing. Over 58 days there was a 140% increase in the protein content with similar increases in the RNA and DNA contents. The fractional rate of protein synthesis, measured by the continuous-infusion technique using [14C]proline, increased markedly during hypertrophy. This increase was mediated initially (after 1 day) by an increase in the RNA activity but at all other times reflected the higher RNA content. The rate of protein degradation, calculated from the difference between the synthesis and growth rates, appeared to increase and remain elevated for at least 4 weeks. At no time was there any suggestion of a fall in the rate of degradation. The following events are discussed as central to the changes that occur during skeletal-muscle hypertrophy. 1. Nuclear proliferation is necessary to maintain the characteristic synthesis rate because of the inability of existing nuclei to ‘manage’ increased protein synthesis for more than a limited period. 2. The increased protein breakdown during hypertrophy is consistent with the known over-production of a new muscle fibres and may indicate some ‘wastage’ during the growth. Such wastage may also be associated with myofibrillar proliferation. 3. Muscle stretch must be recognized as the major activator of growth and as such can be compared with the ‘pleiotypic activators’ that have been described for cells in culture.

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