scholarly journals Improvement of ASTM A53 Steel Durability Using Agrowastes as Carburizing Agent

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Afolalu ◽  
◽  
O. M. Ikumapayi ◽  
M.E. Emetere ◽  
T.S. Ogedengbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Environment Impact ◽  
The Past ◽  
Carburized Steel

The importance of steel in manufacturing and construction over the past century cannot be over-emphasized and easy accessibility couple with excellent mechanical properties make it preferable over others. However, the problem of durability has posed a serious concern as majority of steel application are meant for long term use. Several attempts have been made to improve the durability of steel in the past and increase of carbon content in low carbon steel was found to be a suitable agent. Although getting carbon is not the challenge rather obtaining it from a sustainable source that has zero environment impact. This research identified two separate agrowaste that has high carbon content the issue of sustainability brought about the development of carburizing agent from agrowaste that are easily accessible namely palm kernel and eggshell which is employed in this research. The use of agrowaste was found to be effective as there was notable increase in grain structure of the carburized steel when compared to the control sample without carburized agent in it.

Effect of Soaking Time on Paste Carburizing of Carburized Low Carbon Steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hafizuddin Jumadin ◽  
Bulan Abdullah ◽  
Muhammad Hussain Ismail ◽  
Siti Khadijah Alias ◽  
Samsiah Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Case Depth ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Carburized Steel ◽  
Carburizing Process

Increase of soaking time contributed to the effectiveness of case depth formation, hardness properties and carbon content of carburized steel. This paper investigates the effect of different soaking time (7-9 hours) using powder and paste compound to the carburized steel. Low carbon steels were carburized using powder and paste compound for 7, 8 and 9 hours at temperature 1000°C. The transformation of microstructure and formation carbon rich layer was observed under microscope. The microhardness profiles were analyzed to investigate the length of case depth produced after the carburizing process. The increment of carbon content was considered to find the correlation between types of carburizing compound with time. Results shows that the longer carburized steel was soaked, the higher potential in formation of carbon rich layer, case depth and carbon content, which led to better hardness properties for carburized low carbon steel. Longer soaking time, 9 hours has a higher dispersion of carbon up to 41%-51% compare to 8 hours and 7 hours. By using paste carburizing, it has more potential of carbon atom to merge the microstructure to transform into cementite (1.53 wt% C) compare to powder (0.97 wt% C), which increases the hardness of carburized steel (13% higher).

scholarly journals Determination of the Elastic Tensor of a Textured Low-Carbon Steel

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Spalthoff ◽  
W. Wunnike ◽  
C. Nauer-Gerhard ◽  
H. J. Bunge ◽  
E. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Elastic Anisotropy ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Elastic Stiffness ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Pulse Echo

The components of the elastic stiffness tensor of hot rolled low-carbon steel were determined using an ultrasonic pulse-echo-method. They were also calculated on the basis of X-ray texture measurements using the Hill approximation. The maximum deviation between experimental and calculated values is 3.5%. An influence of the slightly anisotropic grain structure on the elastic anisotropy could not be seen.

scholarly journals Characterization of Microstructure in High-Hardness Surface Layer of Low-Carbon Steel

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 995
Author(s):  
Haitao Xiao ◽  
Shaobo Zheng ◽  
Yan Xin ◽  
Jiali Xu ◽  
Ke Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Acicular Ferrite ◽  
Lath Martensite ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Upper Bainite ◽  
Mixed Microstructure

Surface hardening improves the strength of low-carbon steel without interfering with the toughness of its core. In this study, we focused on the microstructure in the surface layer (0–200 μm) of our low-carbon steel, where we discovered an unexpectedly high level of hardness. We confirmed the presence of not only upper bainite and acicular ferrite but also lath martensite in the hard surface layer. In area of 0–50 μm, a mixed microstructure of lath martensite and B1 upper bainite was formed as a result of high cooling rate (about 50–100 K/s). In area of 50–200 μm, a mixed microstructure of acicular ferrite and B2 upper bainite was formed. The average nanohardness of the martensite was as high as 9.87 ± 0.51 GPa, which was equivalent to the level reported for steel with twenty times the carbon content. The ultrafine laths with an average width of 128 nm was considered to be a key cause of high nanohardness. The average nanohardness of the ferrites was much lower than for martensite: 4.18 ± 0.39 GPa for upper bainite and 2.93 ± 0.30 GPa for acicular ferrite. Yield strength, likewise, was much higher for martensite (2378 ± 123 MPa) than for upper bainite (1007 ± 94 MPa) or acicular ferrite (706 ± 72 MPa). The high yield strength value of martensite gave the surface layer an exceptional resistance to abrasion to a degree that would be unachievable without additional heat treatment in other steels with similar carbon content.

Grain Structure of Aluminum-Killed, Low Carbon Steel Sheets

JOM ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 721-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Solter ◽  
C. W. Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Steel Sheets

scholarly journals Fracture Toughness Properties of Savannah River Site Storage Tank ASTM A285 Low Carbon Steel

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Subramanian ◽  
A. J. Duncan ◽  
R. L. Sindelar
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Savannah River Site ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Savannah River ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
River Site

A materials test program was developed to measure mechanical properties of ASTM A285 Grade B low carbon steel for application to structural and flaw stability analysis of storage tanks at the Department of Energy (DOE) Savannah River Site (SRS). Under this plan, fracture toughness and tensile testing are being performed at conditions that are representative of storage tank conditions on steels that span compositions within ASTM A285 specifications. The testing is being done within the framework of a statistical test matrix and the data collected will be used to develop a predictive model for materials properties. The results presented herein are limited to a subset of data comparing for comparison of a recent vintage steel versus an older steel for fracture resistance behavior. These preliminary results indicate that dynamic loading rates result in a greater increase in the fracture toughness response in the case of the recent vintage steels of lower carbon content when compared to the archival heat of high carbon content. In addition, ductile tearing in the archival, high carbon steel was more likely to be interrupted by cleavage fracture at lower fracture energies than the modern, low carbon steel.

scholarly journals Two hundred fifty years of aerosols and climate: the end of the age of aerosols

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Smith ◽  
T. C. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
The Past ◽  
A Minor

Abstract. Carbonaceous and sulfur aerosols have a substantial global and regional influence on climate, resulting in a net cooling to date, in addition to their impact on health and ecosystems. The magnitude of this influence has changed substantially over the past and is expected to continue to change into the future. An integrated picture of the changing climatic influence of black carbon, organic carbon and sulfate over the period 1850 through 2100, focusing on uncertainty, is presented using updated historical inventories and a coordinated set of emission projections. We describe, in detail, the aerosol emissions from the RCP4.5 scenario and its associated reference scenario. While aerosols have had a substantial impact on climate over the past century, we show that, by the end of the 21st century, aerosols will likely be only a minor contributor to radiative forcing due to increases in greenhouse gas forcing and a net global decrease in pollutant emissions. This outcome is even more certain under a successful implementation of a policy to limit greenhouse gas emissions as low-carbon energy technologies that do not emit appreciable aerosol or SO2 are deployed.

An anomaly of the temperature dependence of the impact strength of low-carbon steel with an ultrafine-grain structure

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Safarov ◽  
A. V. Korznikov ◽  
R. M. Galeyev ◽  
S. N. Sergeev ◽  
S. V. Gladkovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Ultrafine Grain ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Ultrafine Grain Structure ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Thermodynamics and Industrial Trial on Increasing the Carbon Content at the BOF Endpoint to Produce Ultra-Low Carbon IF Steel by BOF-RH-CSP Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2019) ◽  
pp. 822-826
Author(s):  
Guo Jing ◽  
Cheng Shu-Sen ◽  
Guo Hanjie
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Liquid Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
If Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Rh Process ◽  
Bof Slag ◽  
Final Steel

AbstractThermodynamic analysis was performed to obtain the relation between the carbon content at the BOF endpoint and the dissolved oxygen content in liquid steel and the (FeO + MnO) content in the slag with the help of thermodynamic calculation software FactSage. It finds that both the [O] and (FeO + MnO) content increase with decreasing the carbon content at the BOF endpoint and the increasing rate is larger when the carbon content is lower. In addition, in the case of the higher temperature at the BOF endpoint the [O] in liquid steel increase and the (FeO + MnO) in the slag increase as well. The consumption of O2 for decarbonization at the BOF endpoint is much more than that in RH degasser since the majority of the blowing O2 at the BOF endpoint will produce FeO into the slag, thus it increase the metal loss and deteriorate the steel cleanness during the consequent refining process. As a result, the carbon content at the BOF endpoint should be properly increased within the RH decarbonization ability. At last, industrial trials were carried out and confirmed that total oxygen consumption decrease obviously and the (FeO + MnO) of final BOF slag decline as well with increasing carbon content at BOF endpoint from 0.042% to 0.081%. In addition, it almost does not slow down the RH process and the carbon content in final steel all met the demand of the ultra-low carbon steel. In addition, mechanical properties of IF steel with higher carbon content at the endpoint of BOF are almost all more superior to those of heat with lower carbon content at BOF endpoint.

State-of-Art High Strength Steel Sheets for the Automotive Application

2007 ◽  
Vol 539-543 ◽  
pp. 4369-4374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki Urabe ◽  
Fusato Kitano ◽  
Takeshi Fujita ◽  
Yuji Yamasaki ◽  
Yoshihiro Hosoya
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Solid Solution Hardening ◽  
Automotive Application ◽  
Continuous Annealing ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Body In White

New type of IF cold-rolled high strength steels (HSSs) with the strength level of 390 and 440MPa have been developed under the chemistry of the extra-low carbon steel containing around 60ppm C with an intentional addition of niobium by hybridizing the precipitation hardening with niobium carbides and the supplemental solid-solution hardening. In this steel, Precipitation Free Zone (PFZ) nearby recrystallized grain boundaries forms during continuous annealing. This structure leads to unique mechanical properties such as lower yielding and superior anti-secondary-work embrittlement under fine grain structure strictly required for the exposed panels in Body-in-White. Principles of the unique mechanical properties of the steel are introduced related with the formation of PFZ during annealing, and the results of further approach to improve them as the state-of-the-art product, which is widely used for the exposed panels in Body in White, are introduced in the paper.

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