Greenbug resistance in barley landraces from Uzbekistan

Background. The greenbug (Sсhizaphis graminum Rondani) can significantly reduce the yield of barley and other cereals in the southern regions of Russia. Cultivation of resistant varieties can significantly limit the pathogen’s harmfulness. At the same time, specific interaction with the genotypes of the host plant, characteristic of S. graminum, requires a continuous search for new resistance donors to broaden the genetic diversity of barley cultivars. Materials and methods. The resistance of 178 accessions of barley landraces from Uzbekistan to the Krasnodar greenbug population was tested in laboratory experiments. Juvenile plants were infested with aphids of different ages, and when the susceptible control died (cv. ‘Belogorsky’), resistance was assessed on a 0 to 10 (plant death) rating scale. Plants with a damage rate of 1–4 points (up to 30% of the leaf surface being damaged) belonged to the resistant class; damage rate of 5–8 points indicated moderate resistance of plants, and that of 9–10 meant susceptibility. In addition, we assessed the aphid damage of the winter barley cultivar ‘Post’, protected by the previously identified resistance gene Rsg1.Results and conclusions. We identified 52 barley accessions as heterogeneous for the studied trait. In six accessions, plants with high (points 3 to 4) and moderate (5 to 8) resistance were identified; 6 accessions were differentiated into 3 phenotypic classes: resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible; and in 40 accessions the manifestation of the resistance component varied within 5 to 7 points (from 31 to 60% of the leaf surface being damaged). The distinctly expressed resistance of 12 accessions is controlled by alleles of resistance genes that differ from Rsg1. After selection for resistance, the identified accessions can be used in breeding.

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Resistance of barley cultivars approved for use in Russia to harmful organisms and toxic aluminum ions

PROCEEDINGS ON APPLIED BOTANY GENETICS AND BREEDING ◽

10.30901/2227-8834-2020-3-120-127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 181 (3) ◽

pp. 120-127

Author(s):

R. A. Abdullaev ◽

B. A. Batasheva ◽

N. V. Alpatieva ◽

M. A. Chumakov ◽

E. E. Radchenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Leaf Rust ◽

Laboratory Method ◽

Test Method ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

State Register ◽

Aluminum Ions ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Harmful Organisms ◽

Greenbug Resistance

Background. The most rational way to reduce barley crop losses from diseases, pests and adverse edaphic factors is cultivation of resistant varieties. The specificity of the host– pathogen interactions necessitates a constant search for new donors of resistance for breeding, and phytosanitary monitoring of cultivars.Materials and methods. The research material comprised 248 barley cultivars included in the State Register of Selection Achievements Admitted for Usage in the Russian Federation – 168 were developed domestically, and 80 by foreign breeders. Their resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust was studied in under laboratory and field conditions. Barley cultivars distinguished for powdery mildew resistance were analyzed using molecular markers. In the laboratory, barley was screened for greenbug resistance. To study the sensitivity to toxic aluminum ions in barley, we used the laboratory method for the early diagnosis of the trait – the root test method.Results and conclusions. Field and laboratory screening revealed a fairly wide diversity of barley cultivated in Russia in terms of resistance to harmful organisms and the edaphic stressor. It was established that 24 barley cultivars were resistant to powdery mildew, and 14 accessions were carriers of the effective mlo11 allele. Two cultivars manifested combined resistance to powdery mildew and barley leaf rust. In 11 cultivars, a distinct greenbug resistance was revealed. High resistance to toxic aluminum ions according to the root and sprout length indices was observed in 26 cultivars. Accessions with the complex resistance to harmful organisms and the edaphic stressor were identified.

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GREENBUG RESISTANCE OF OAT LANDRACES FROM CENTRAL ASIA К ОБЫКНОВЕННОЙ ЗЛАКОВОЙ ТЛЕ

Plant Protection News ◽

10.31993/2308-6459-2020-103-3-13578 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 187-191

Author(s):

E. E. Radchenko ◽

M. A. Chumakov ◽

I. G. Loskutov

Keyword(s):

Host Plants ◽

Damage Evaluation ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Damage Degree ◽

Central Asian ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Southern Russia ◽

Central Asian Countries ◽

Moderate Resistance ◽

Greenbug Resistance

The greenbug (Sсhizaphis graminum) is a dangerous pest of cereals in Southern Russia. Breeding of resistant varieties is an effective and eco-friendly way to control this insect. Its differential interaction with host plants substantiates the search for new resistance donors. We evaluated 276 accessions of oat landraces from Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan) to the Krasnodar population and respective isolated clones of the aphid. We identified two pest resistant accessions from Kazakhstan (k-6945 and k-8691) and found 133 accessions from Kazakhstan being heterogeneous including 77 forms with high and moderate resistance and 56 – with only moderate resistance. All accessions from Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan were susceptible to Sсh. graminum. Accession k-9993 from Kyrgyzstan was heterogeneous in terms of resistance. A wide variation in the damage degree of the most oat forms was mostly due to the virulence heterogeneity of the aphid population. Damage evaluation of 15 accessions from Kazakhstan by Sсh. graminum clones showed that the alleles of greenbug resistance genes of these forms differ from the previously identified Grb1 and Grb3 genes.

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Effect of Fusarium Head Blight on Mycotoxin Content in Grain of Spring Barley Cultivars

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/3705-cjgpb ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 40 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 91-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

V. Šíp ◽

L. Tvarůžek ◽

J. Chrpová ◽

S. Sýkorová ◽

L. Leišová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spring Barley ◽

The Other ◽

Cultivar Differences ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Yield Traits ◽

Head Blight ◽

Fungicide Treatment ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Cultivar Responses ◽

Moderate Resistance

The results are based on field infection experiments with six spring barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic and resistance sources Chevron and CI 4196. One of the four Fusarium isolates used for inoculations was a predominant nivalenol producer, while the other isolates were deoxynivalenol (DON) producers. Out of the other mycotoxins 3-AcDON was found in grain at a relatively higher concentration. Significant cultivar differences in DON content, examined yield traits, percentage of Fusarium colonies and percentage of non-germinating seeds were detected after inoculum spraying on two dates and mist irrigation of infected plots. When inoculated with aggressive isolate of F. culmorum Chevron and CI 4196 cvs. showed high resistance and the cultivars Jersey, Olbram and Scarlett moderate resistance to DON accumulation in grain. Treatment with fungicide Horizon 250 EW (active ingredient tebuconazole) led on average to a 52.5% reduction of DON content, but the efficacy of fungicide treatment was highly influenced by year and cultivar. Fungicide treatment did not have a significant effect on grain weight per spike and, in general, the influence of infection on examined yield traits was low in these experiments. DON content was closely related only with the parameter C<sub>T </sub>Fus (transformed) from quantitative real time PCR analysis. Using the developed PCR system it was possible to specify clearly cultivar responses to infection and effects of fungicide treatment on DON content.  

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Managing Fusarium Head Blight in Winter Barley With Cultivar Resistance and Fungicide

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-18-1582-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (8) ◽

pp. 1858-1864 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christina Cowger ◽

Consuelo Arellano ◽

David Marshall ◽

Joshua Fitzgerald

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Winter Barley ◽

Optimal Timing ◽

Cultivar Resistance ◽

Head Blight ◽

Fungicide Application ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Moderate Resistance

Although there has been research on managing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in spring barley, little has been published on cultivar resistance and optimal fungicide timing for FHB management in winter barley. A 3-year (2015 to 2017) field experiment was conducted to measure FHB resistance of winter barley varieties, gauge the potential benefit from a fungicide, and help determine the optimal timing for fungicide application. The split-plot experiment took place in a misted, inoculated nursery in Raleigh, North Carolina using main plots of four winter barley cultivars (Atlantic, Endeavor, Nomini, and Thoroughbred). Three fungicide treatments were applied to subplots: prothioconazole + tebuconazole at full spike emergence, the same fungicide 6 days later, or no fungicide. The late applications significantly reduced FHB index in each of 3 years and significantly reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) in harvested grain in 2 of the 3 years. Applications at full spike emergence also yielded significant benefit in 1 of the 3 years for each parameter. Neither disease symptoms nor DON gave reason to prefer one of the fungicide timings over the other. Across the 3 years, DON ranked the cultivars Endeavor < Nomini = Thoroughbred < Atlantic. Combining the moderate resistance of Endeavor with a fungicide application and averaging the two timings resulted in a 75% DON reduction compared with unsprayed Atlantic. Taken together, our results indicate that barley growers concerned about minimizing DON should both plant moderately resistant varieties and apply fungicide if there is scab risk. During the same period, 16 commercial winter barley cultivars were tested in from three to seven Virginia and North Carolina environments each, and the DON results were compared after standardization across environments. The winter two-row malting barley cultivars Endeavor and Calypso displayed superior and robust DON resistance across environments.

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Donors of effective genes for scald resistance in barley

PROCEEDINGS ON APPLIED BOTANY GENETICS AND BREEDING ◽

10.30901/2227-8834-2020-3-141-145 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 181 (3) ◽

pp. 141-145

Author(s):

G. S. Konovalova ◽

E. E. Radchenko

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Pathogen Resistance ◽

Fungal Resistance ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Loss Of Resistance ◽

Leningrad Province ◽

Barley Landraces ◽

Different Populations ◽

High Level ◽

Barley Resistance

Background. One of the most harmful diseases of barley in all areas of its cultivation is scald. The causal agent Rhynchosporium commune Zaffarano, B.A. McDonald & A. Linde (formerly – Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) J.J. Davis) is characterized by a high level of variability, which leads to the emergence of new pathotypes and the loss of resistance of a number of cultivars. Most barley cultivars recommended for cultivation are highly affected by the pathogen. The aim of the study was to find new donors of effective barley resistance genes to R. commune.Materials and methods. Resistance to the fungus was tested in 99 accessions of barley landraces from 18 countries under laboratory and field conditions. The experiments employed isolates and clones of R. commune isolated from plants collected in Leningrad Province. Plant resistance was scored using point scales. Genetic control of fungal resistance was studied in the selected accessions using hybridological analysis.Results and conclusions. We identified 3 accessions of barley landraces, which retained high resistance to the fungus for six years of study in the field under inoculation with different populations of R. commune. Accessions k-31504 (Macedonia), k-31505 (Ethiopia) and k-31503 (India) are protected by R. commune resistance genes, which differ from each other, are not allelic to the previously identified effective Rrs9 gene, and manifest themselves throughout all stages of barley ontogenesis. Each of accessions k-31504 and k-31505 incorporates 2 recessive pathogen resistance genes; k-31503 carries 3 recessive resistance genes.

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Increased papilla formation, a major factor of induced resistance in the barley – Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei system

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b86-289 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 64 (10) ◽

pp. 2178-2181 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

N. Sahashi ◽

J. Shishiyama

Keyword(s):

Leaf Surface ◽

Specific Resistance ◽

Hyphal Growth ◽

Cellular Responses ◽

Erysiphe Graminis ◽

Powdery Mildew Fungus ◽

Challenge Inoculation ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽

Papilla Formation

Using two barley cultivars, 'Hanna' and 'Russian No. 12', resistance to Erysiphe graminis DC. f.sp. hordei Em. Marchal induced by preliminary inoculation with a compatible or an incompatible race of the powdery mildew fungus was examined with respect to cellular responses. When the primary leaves of barley seedlings were preliminarily inoculated with a compatible or an incompatible race on the abaxial leaf surface, they became resistant to the disease caused by challenge inoculation with the same pathogen on the adaxial surface. The resistance induced was expressed as decrease of fungal penetration and restriction of hyphal growth. These phenomena seemed to be attributable to the increase of papillae or papillalike structures which do not seem to be responsible for the race-specific resistance. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that the resistance induced may be different from race-specific resistance.

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Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside Content Is Highly Associated with Deoxynivalenol Levels in Two-Row Barley Genotypes of Importance to Canadian Barley Breeding Programs

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11060319 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 319 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

James R. Tucker ◽

Ana Badea ◽

Richard Blagden ◽

Kerri Pleskach ◽

Sheryl A. Tittlemier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head Blight ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Barley Breeding ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Varietal Response ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Barley Genotypes ◽

Dough Stage

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a multipurpose crop that can be harvested as grain or cut prior to maturity for use as forage. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of barley that reduces quality of grain. FHB can also result in the accumulation of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Breeding FHB resistant varieties has been a long-term goal of many barley-producing countries, including Canada. While the genetic basis of DON detoxification via production of less-phytotoxic conjugates such as DON-3-glucoside (DON3G) is well documented in barley, little information exists in reference to varietal response. Over two years, 16 spring, two-row barley genotypes, of importance to western Canadian barley breeding programs, were grown as short-rows and inoculated following spike emergence with a Fusarium graminearum conidia suspension. Half of the plots were harvested at soft dough stage and then dissected into rachis and grain components, whereas the remainder was harvested at maturity. Multiple Fusarium-mycotoxins were assayed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mycotoxin content was elevated at the earlier harvest point, especially in the rachis tissue. DON3G constituted a significant percentage (26%) of total trichothecene content and thus its co-occurrence with DON should be considered by barley industries. DON3G was highly correlated with DON and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON). The ratio of D3G/DON exhibited consistency across genotypes, however more-resistant genotypes were characterized by a higher ratio at the soft-dough stage followed by a decrease at maturity. Plant breeding practices that use DON content as a biomarker for resistance would likely result in the development of barley cultivars with lower total DON-like compounds.

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Effects of Low Water Availability on Root Placement and Shoot Development in Landraces and Modern Barley Cultivars

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10010134 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 134 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ridha Boudiar ◽

Ana M. Casas ◽

Tania Gioia ◽

Fabio Fiorani ◽

Kerstin A. Nagel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Early Stage ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Field Performance ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Genotypic Differences ◽

Barley Cultivars ◽

Automated Phenotyping ◽

Barley Landraces ◽

Seminal Roots

Early vigor has been proposed as a favorable trait for cereals grown in drought-prone environments. This research aimed at characterizing early stage shoot and root growth of three Spanish barley landraces compared with three modern cultivars. Genotypes were grown in an automated phenotyping platform, GrowScreen-Rhizo, under well-watered and drought conditions. Seminal and lateral root length, root system width and depth were recorded automatically during the experiment. Drought induced greater growth reduction in shoots (43% dry weight reduction) than in roots (23% dry weight). Genotypic differences were larger under no stress, partly due to a more profuse growth of landraces in this treatment. Accession SBCC146 was the most vigorous for shoot growth, whereas SBCC073 diverted more assimilates to root growth. Among cultivars, Cierzo was the most vigorous one and Scarlett had the least root dry weight of all genotypes, under both conditions. Root growth was redirected to lateral roots when seminal roots could not progress further in dry soil. This study reveals the presence of genetic diversity in dynamics of early growth of barley. The different patterns of growth observed for SBCC073 and SBCC146 should be explored further, to test if they affect field performance of barley in drought-prone environments.

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Use of Several Natural Products from Selected Nicotiana Species to Prevent Black Shank Disease in Tobacco

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.1515/cttr-2016-0013 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 113-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Antoaneta B. Kroumova ◽

Ivan Artiouchine ◽

George J. Wagner

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Natural Products ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Large Scale ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Black Shank ◽

Plant Infection ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Race 1

SUMMARY Black shank is a major annual disease threat to all types of tobacco worldwide. It is caused by the fungus Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (PPN). The major tobacco growing areas in US - Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina can experience devastating losses, reaching in some fields up to 100%. Thus far, the main approaches to control this disease have been creation of resistant varieties, fungicide treatments, and crop rotation. Some fungicides are reported to have negative effects on the environment. The goal of this work was to test the antifungal activity of several natural products that are synthesized by certain Nicotiana species, and secreted to the leaf surface. We hypothesized that phylloplanin, cis-abienol, labdenediol and sclareol can suppress PPN-race 0- and PPN-race 1-caused disease in Burley tobaccos KY 14 and MS KY 14 × L8LC in the greenhouse. We developed methods for leaf surface extraction, spore preparation and soil drench application of the natural compounds tested. Experiments were performed on 5–8 week-old greenhouse grown seedlings. cis-Abienol showed high inhibitory properties toward the disease. Race 0 infection was completely subdued in KY 14 while race 1 infection was reduced by 70–80%, and delayed by 6–10 days in KY 14 and MS KY14 × L8LC. Sclareol was very effective in inhibiting race 0-caused disease in both tobacco cultivars. In MS KY 14 × L8LC race 1 infection was inhibited while in KY 14 it was reduced by 85% and delayed by 6 days. Labdenediol reduced the disease by half in eight week-old KY 14 plants. Tobacco phylloplanin reduced plant infection by both races by 50–60% and delayed the disease by 6–10 days. Phylloplanin was least suppressive in both tobacco cultivars. We consider sclareol to be the best candidate for future studies due to its antifungal properties and availability. cis-Abienol, despite its good antifungal activity, is not feasible for large-scale use due to the production and stability limitations.

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Nitrogenous Fertilizer Reduces Resistance but Enhances Tolerance to the Brown Planthopper in Fast-Growing, Moderately Resistant Rice

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12110989 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 989

Author(s):

Finbarr G. Horgan ◽

Thais Fernanda S. de Freitas ◽

Eduardo Crisol-Martínez ◽

Enrique A. Mundaca ◽

Carmencita C. Bernal

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Soil Nitrogen ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Plant Tolerance ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Loss Index ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens Stål ◽

Moderate Resistance

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a key challenge to rice production in Asia. Outbreaks of planthoppers are associated with excessive fertilizer applications; consequently, we examined planthopper interactions with susceptible, tolerant and resistant varieties of rice under varying levels of soil nitrogen in a greenhouse experiment. We compared planthopper fitness (survival × reproduction) and plant tolerance (functional plant loss index) for 16 varieties at 0, 80 and 150 Kg added nitrogen ha−1. The planthoppers grew larger, developed more quickly and laid more eggs on susceptible varieties, compared with the resistant and tolerant varieties. Moreover, soil nitrogen generally increased planthopper fitness on resistant varieties, but relative resistance was maintained. Functional plant loss was highest among the susceptible varieties, but weight and growth rate reductions per mg of planthopper were often highest in the tolerant varieties. Tolerance was associated with large, fast-growing plants, with at least moderate resistance to the planthopper. Susceptibility was associated with a small size and/or an absence of resistance genes. Our results suggested that early-tillering rice plants can be both resistant and tolerant to the brown planthopper, but cannot be both susceptible and tolerant of planthoppers at high densities. This indicates that at least moderate resistance is required for tolerance against this herbivore. Furthermore, although dwarf varieties had a low tolerance of planthoppers, they could express resistance through functioning resistance genes.

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