Analytics of MX and NDMA, two disinfection byproducts, in water

doi:10.30955/gnj.000318

Analytics of MX and NDMA, two disinfection byproducts, in water

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.000318 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 27-42

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Disinfection Byproducts ◽

International Literature ◽

Extensive Review ◽

By Products

MX (3-Chloro-4-(Dichloromethyl)-5-Hydroxy-2(5H)-Furanone) and NDMA (N,N-dimethyl-Nnitrosoamine) are disinfection by-products, which are formed during NOM’s and other water containing precursors reaction with chlorine. Both, due to their potential carcinogenic and mutagenic properties were placed on the list of potentially health hazardous disinfection byproducts. Both of the compounds occur in drinking water at the ppt level. An extensive review of international literature was the background of the presentation of state of the art concerns on MX and NDMA analysis.

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Effects of Pre-Oxidation on Haloacetonitrile and Trichloronitromethane Formation during Subsequent Chlorination of Nitrogenous Organic Compounds

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17031046 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 1046 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ao Wang ◽

Chenshuo Lin ◽

Zhen Shen ◽

Zhigang Liu ◽

Hang Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Disinfection Byproducts ◽

Enhanced Coagulation ◽

Oxidation Processes ◽

Detection Technology ◽

Conventional Technology ◽

Chlorinated Drinking Water ◽

By Products

The reaction between organic matter and disinfectants leads to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. With the improvement of detection technology and in-depth research, more than 1000 kinds of DBPs have been detected in drinking water. Nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) are more genotoxic and cytotoxic than the regulated DBPs. The main methods are enhanced coagulation, pretreatment, and depth technologies which based are on conventional technology. Amino acids (AAs) are widely found in surface waters and play an important role by providing precursors from which toxic nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) are generated in chlorinated drinking water. The formation of N-DBPs, including dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile, and trichloronitromethane (TCNM), was investigated by analyzing chlorinated water using ozone (OZ), permanganate (PM), and ferrate (Fe(VI)) pre-oxidation processes. This paper has considered the control of pre-oxidation over N-DBPs formation of AAs, OZ, PM, and Fe(VI) pre-oxidation reduced the haloacetonitrile formation in the downstream chlorination. PM pre-oxidation decreased the TCNM formation during the subsequent chlorination, while Fe(VI) pre-oxidation had no significant influence on the TCNM formation, and OZ pre-oxidation increased the formation. OZ pre-oxidation formed the lowest degree of bromine substitution during subsequent chlorination of aspartic acid in the presence of bromide. Among the three oxidants, PM pre-oxidation was expected to be the best choice for reducing the estimated genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the sum of the measured haloacetonitriles (HANs) and TCNM without bromide. Fe(VI) pre-oxidation had the best performance in the presence of bromide.

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Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water

10.1039/9781782622710 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

By Products

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Resorcinarene Cavitand Polymers for the Remediation of Halomethanes and 1,4-Dioxane

10.26434/chemrxiv.8847839 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Luke Skala ◽

Anna Yang ◽

Max Justin Klemes ◽

Leilei Xiao ◽

William Dichtel

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

High Capacity ◽

The United States ◽

Water Sources ◽

Disinfection Byproducts ◽

Porous Polymer ◽

Organic Micropollutants ◽

Executive Summary ◽

Regulatory Limits

Executive summary: Porous resorcinarene-containing polymers are used to remove halomethane disinfection byproducts and 1,4-dioxane from water. Disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes are some of the most common micropollutants found in drinking water. Trihalomethanes are formed upon chlorination of natural organic matter (NOM) found in many drinking water sources. Municipalities that produce drinking water from surface water sources struggle to remain below regulatory limits for CHCl3 and other trihalomethanes (80 mg L–1 in the United States). Inspired by molecular CHCl3⊂cavitand host-guest complexes, we designed a porous polymer comprised of resorcinarene receptors. These materials show higher affinity for halomethanes than a specialty activated carbon used for trihalomethane removal. The cavitand polymers show similar removal kinetics as activated carbon and have high capacity (49 mg g–1 of CHCl3). Furthermore, these materials maintain their performance in real drinking water and can be thermally regenerated under mild conditions. Cavitand polymers also outperform activated carbon in their adsorption of 1,4-dioxane, which is difficult to remove and contaminates many public water sources. These materials show promise for removing toxic organic micropollutants and further demonstrate the value of using supramolecular chemistry to design novel absorbents for water purification.

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DISINFEKSI UNTUK PROSES PENGOLAHAN AIR MINUM

Jurnal Air Indonesia ◽

10.29122/jai.v3i1.2314 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nusa Idaman Said

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Purification ◽

Distribution System ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Disinfection Byproducts ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Microbiological Contamination ◽

Disinfection Process

Water disinfection means the removal, deactivation or killing of pathogenic microorganisms. Microorganisms are destroyed or deactivated, resulting in termination of growth and reproduction. When microorganisms are not removed from drinking water, drinking water usage will cause people to fall ill. Chemical inactivation of microbiological contamination in natural or untreated water is usually one of the final steps to reduce pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water. Combinations of water purification steps (oxidation, coagulation, settling, disinfection, and filtration) cause (drinking) water to be safe after production. As an extra measure many countries apply a second disinfection step at the end of the water purification process, in order to protect the water from microbiological contamination in the water distribution system. Usually one uses a different kind of disinfectant from the one earlier in the process, during this disinfection process. The secondary disinfection makes sure that bacteria will not multiply in the water during distribution. This paper describes several technique of disinfection process for drinking water treatment. Disinfection can be attained by means of physical or chemical disinfectants. The agents also remove organic contaminants from water, which serve as nutrients or shelters for microorganisms. Disinfectants should not only kill microorganisms. Disinfectants must also have a residual effect, which means that they remain active in the water after disinfection. For chemical disinfection of water the following disinfectants can be used such as Chlorine (Cl2), Hypo chlorite (OCl-), Chloramines, Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), Ozone (O3), Hydrogen peroxide etch. For physical disinfection of water the following disinfectants can be used is Ultraviolet light (UV). Every technique has its specific advantages and and disadvantages its own application area sucs as environmentally friendly, disinfection byproducts, effectivity, investment, operational costs etc. Kata Kunci : Disinfeksi, bakteria, virus, air minum, khlor, hip khlorit, khloramine, khlor dioksida, ozon, UV.

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Temporal variability of disinfection by-products concentration in urban public water system

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.000902 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 393-398

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Temporal Variability ◽

Water System ◽

The Other ◽

Major Constituent ◽

System P ◽

Public Water System ◽

Drinking Water Samples ◽

By Products

The occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) was studied in the drinking water samples from urban water supply network of Karachi city that served more than 18 million people. Drinking water samples were collected from 58 locations in summer (May-August) and winter (November-February) seasons. The major constituent of THMs detected was chloroform in winter (92.34%) and summer (93.07%), while the other THMs determined at lower concentrations. Summer and winter concentrations of total THMs at places exceed the levels regulated by UEPA (80 μg l-1) and WHO (100 μg l-1). GIS linked temporal variability in two seasons showed significantly higher median concentration (2.5%-23.06%) of THMs compared to winter.

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The Role of Catalytic Ozonation Processes on the Elimination of DBPs and Their Precursors in Drinking Water Treatment

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11040521 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 521

Author(s):

Fernando J. Beltrán ◽

Ana Rey ◽

Olga Gimeno

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Humic Substances ◽

Hypochlorous Acid ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Disinfection Byproducts ◽

Catalytic Ozonation ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Halogen Compounds ◽

Radiation Sources

Formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water treatment (DWT) as a result of pathogen removal has always been an issue of special attention in the preparation of safe water. DBPs are formed by the action of oxidant-disinfectant chemicals, mainly chlorine derivatives (chlorine, hypochlorous acid, chloramines, etc.), that react with natural organic matter (NOM), mainly humic substances. DBPs are usually refractory to oxidation, mainly due to the presence of halogen compounds so that advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a recommended option to deal with their removal. In this work, the application of catalytic ozonation processes (with and without the simultaneous presence of radiation), moderately recent AOPs, for the removal of humic substances (NOM), also called DBPs precursors, and DBPs themselves is reviewed. First, a short history about the use of disinfectants in DWT, DBPs formation discovery and alternative oxidants used is presented. Then, sections are dedicated to conventional AOPs applied to remove DBPs and their precursors to finalize with the description of principal research achievements found in the literature about application of catalytic ozonation processes. In this sense, aspects such as operating conditions, reactors used, radiation sources applied in their case, kinetics and mechanisms are reviewed.

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