scholarly journals Outdoor temperature and survival benefit of empiric potassium in users of furosemide in US Medicaid enrollees: a cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e023809
Author(s):  
Young Hee Nam ◽  
Warren B Bilker ◽  
Charles E Leonard ◽  
Michelle L Bell ◽  
Sean Hennessy
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Survival Benefit ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Total N ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Daily Average Temperature ◽  
All Cause Mortality

ObjectiveHeat is associated with elevated all-cause mortality, and furosemide-induced potassium depletion might be worsened by heat-induced sweating. Because empiric potassium is associated with a marked survival benefit in users of furosemide at a dose of ≥40 mg/day, we hypothesised that this empiric potassium’s survival benefit would increase with higher temperature (≥24°C).DesignCohort study.SettingOutpatient setting, captured by Medicaid claims, supplemented with Medicare claims for dual enrollees, from 5 US states from 1999 to 2010, linked to meteorological data.Population/ParticipantsFurosemide (≥40 mg/day) initiators among adults continuously enrolled in Medicaid for at least 1 year prior to cohort entry (defined as the day following the dispensing day of each individual’s first observed furosemide prescription).ExposureInteraction between: (1) empiric potassium, dispensed the day of or the day following the dispensing of the initial furosemide prescription, and (2) daily average temperature and daily maximum temperature, examined separately.OutcomeAll-cause mortality.ResultsIn 1:1 propensity score matched cohorts (total n=211 878) that included 89 335 person-years and 9007 deaths, all-cause mortality rates per 1000 person-years were 96.0 (95% CI 93.2 to 98.9) and 105.8 (95% CI 102.8 to 108.9) for potassium users and non-users, respectively. The adjusted OR of all-cause mortality for potassium use declined (ie, its apparent protective effect increased) as temperature increased, from a daily average temperature of about 28°C and a daily maximum temperature of about 31°C. This relationship was not statistically significant with daily average temperature, but was statistically significant with daily maximum temperature (p values for the interaction of potassium with daily maximum temperature and daily maximum temperature squared were 0.031 and 0.028, respectively).ConclusionsThe results suggest that empiric potassium’s survival benefit among furosemide (≥40 mg/day) initiators may increase as daily maximum temperature increases. If this relationship is real, use of empiric potassium in Medicaid enrollees initiating furosemide might be particularly important on hot days.

Analysis on the Occurance Regularity of High Temperature Disaster from June to September in Recent 50a in Chongqing

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 1994-2002
Author(s):  
Jian Ping Zhang ◽  
Yong Kun He
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Daily Average Temperature ◽  
Occurrence Regularity

Taking the day numbers of daily average temperature ≥30°C and the day numbers of daily maximum temperature ≥35°C as the index of high temperature disaster, the occurrence regularity of high temperature disaster for June to September was analyzed from 1961 to 2010 in Chongqing. The results showed that there was a large inter-decadal variation in occurrence of high temperature disaster. The most severe year of high temperature disaster was the year of 2006, while the year of 1987 is the lightest one. The general trend was that it was the lowest one in the 1980s and gradually increased in the 1990s, and reached the highest value in the 2000s. The spatial distribution of the day numbers of daily average temperature ≥30°C was the same as that of the day numbers of daily maximum temperature ≥35°C. The highest values were distributed at the areas of Kaixian, Yunyang, Wushan in the Northeast part and Fengdu, Fuling in the middle part and Banan,Shapingba,Beibei in urban district and Qijiang in the southwest part. The lowest values were distributed at the areas of Xiushan,Youyang,Qianjiang in the southeast part and Chengkou,Fengjie in the northeast part and Dazu,Rongchang in the west part.

scholarly journals Establishment and Evaluation of the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT Model (CMADS)

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianyong Meng ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Chunxiang Shi ◽  
Yiping Wu ◽  
Xiaonan Ji
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Soil And Water

We describe the construction of a very important forcing dataset of average daily surface climate over East Asia—the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model (CMADS). This dataset can either drive the SWAT model or other hydrologic models, such as the Variable Infiltration Capacity model (VIC), the Soil and Water Integrated Model (SWIM), etc. It contains several climatological elements—daily maximum temperature (°C), daily average temperature (°C), daily minimum temperature (°C), daily average relative humidity (%), daily average specific humidity (g/kg), daily average wind speed (m/s), daily 24 h cumulative precipitation (mm), daily mean surface pressure (HPa), daily average solar radiation (MJ/m2), soil temperature (K), and soil moisture (mm3/mm3). In order to suit the various resolutions required for research, four versions of the CMADS datasets were created—from CMADS V1.0 to CMADS V1.3. We have validated the source data of the CMADS datasets using 2421 automatic meteorological stations in China to confirm the accuracy of this dataset. We have also formatted the dataset so as to drive the SWAT model conveniently. This dataset may have applications in hydrological modelling, agriculture, coupled hydrological and meteorological modelling, and meteorological analysis.

Summer Temperature and All-cause Mortality from 2006 to 2015 for Smart City Jaipur, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 097206342110116
Author(s):  
Suresh K. Rathi ◽  
P. R. Sodani ◽  
Suresh Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Mean

A considerable association between temperature and all-cause mortality has been documented in various studies. Further insights can be obtained from studying the impact of temperature and heat index (HI) for Jaipur city’s all-cause mortality. The objective of this work was to assess the association between the extreme heat (daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, daily mean temperature, relative humidity and HI) and all-cause mortality for summer months (March to June) from 2006 to 2015 for urban population of Jaipur. For summer months, we collected the data on various temperature and all-cause mortality parameters for at least 10 years. The student’s t-test and ANOVA were used to analyse variations in mean temperature, maximum temperature and HI. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the relationship between ambient heat and lag time effect all-cause mortality. A total of 75,571 deaths (all-cause mortality) for 1,203 summer days (2006–2015) were analysed in relation to temperature and relative humidity. The mean daily all-cause mortality has been estimated at 62.8 ± 15.2 for the study period. There is a significant increase of 39% per day all-cause mortality at the maximum temperature of 45 °C and above. However only 10% rise per day all-cause mortality for extreme danger days (HI > 54 °C). The mean daily all-cause mortality shows a significant association with daily maximum temperature ( F = 34.6, P < .0001) and HI (discomfort index) from caution to extreme danger risk days ( F = 5.0, P < .0019). The lag effect of extreme heat on all-cause mortality for the study period (2006 to 2015) was at a peak period on the same day of the maximum temperature ( r = 0.245 at P < .01) but continues up to four days. The study concludes that the effect of ambient heat on all-cause mortality increase is clearly evident (rise of 39% deaths/day). Accordingly, focus should be put on developing adaptation measures against ambient heat. This analysis may satisfy policy makers’ needs. Extreme heat-related mortality needs further study to reduce adverse effects on health among Jaipur’s urban population.

scholarly journals Heat waves characteristics and their relation to air quality in Athens

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 919-928 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Suburban Site

<div> <p>This paper studies the characteristics of the heat waves that were observed in Athens, Greece since 1951. A heat wave is detected when two temperature criteria are fulfilled at the city centre: the daily maximum temperature value is at least 37 <sup>o</sup>C and the daily average temperature value is at least 31 <sup>o</sup>C. Information about the intensity, duration, timing in season and annual frequency of occurrence of heat waves were extracted. The slope of the linear fit of the annual number of heat wave days indicated that 1.30 more heat wave days per year were observed after 1992. The intensity and the duration of heat waves have also increased since 90s, while heat wave days have been detected during the whole summer since then, even during the first days of September. Additionally, air quality at the centre and at a suburb of Athens during the heat wave days that were identified during the last decade is examined. The daily average value of PM<sub>10</sub> concentration exceeded 50 μg m<sup>-3</sup> in 65% and 59% of the heat wave days at the urban and the suburban site, respectively, while the information and the alert O<sub>3</sub> threshold were exceeded in 17% and 5% of the heat wave days, respectively, at the suburban site. The degradation of air quality during heat wave days is also verified by the means of the common air quality index. Moreover, it was found that O<sub>3</sub> levels decrease when heat waves last more than 6 days.&nbsp;</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Building Resilience to Climate Change: Pilot Evaluation of the Impact of India’s First Heat Action Plan on All-Cause Mortality

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy J. Hess ◽  
Sathish LM ◽  
Kim Knowlton ◽  
Shubhayu Saha ◽  
Priya Dutta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
The Impact

Background. Ahmedabad implemented South Asia’s first heat action plan (HAP) after a 2010 heatwave. This study evaluates the HAP’s impact on all-cause mortality in 2014–2015 relative to a 2007–2010 baseline. Methods. We analyzed daily maximum temperature (Tmax)-mortality relationships before and after HAP. We estimated rate ratios (RRs) for daily mortality using distributed lag nonlinear models and mortality incidence rates (IRs) for HAP warning days, comparing pre- and post-HAP periods, and calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs). We estimated the number of deaths avoided after HAP implementation using pre- and post-HAP IRs. Results. The maximum pre-HAP RR was 2.34 (95%CI 1.98–2.76) at 47°C (lag 0), and the maximum post-HAP RR was 1.25 (1.02–1.53) estimated at 47°C (lag 0). Post-to-pre-HAP nonlagged mortality IRR for Tmax over 40°C was 0.95 (0.73–1.22) and 0.73 (0.29–1.81) for Tmax over 45°C. An estimated 1,190 (95%CI 162–2,218) average annualized deaths were avoided in the post-HAP period. Conclusion. Extreme heat and HAP warnings after implementation were associated with decreased summertime all-cause mortality rates, with largest declines at highest temperatures. Ahmedabad’s plan can serve as a guide for other cities attempting to increase resilience to extreme heat.

scholarly journals Social media reveal ecoregional variation in how weather influences visitor behavior in U.S. National Park Service units

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Wilkins ◽  
Peter D. Howe ◽  
Jordan W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
National Park Service ◽  
Spatial Behavior ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Daily Weather ◽  
Visitor Behavior ◽  
Park Service ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDaily weather affects total visitation to parks and protected areas, as well as visitors’ experiences. However, it is unknown if and how visitors change their spatial behavior within a park due to daily weather conditions. We investigated the impact of daily maximum temperature and precipitation on summer visitation patterns within 110 U.S. National Park Service units. We connected 489,061 geotagged Flickr photos to daily weather, as well as visitors’ elevation and distance to amenities (i.e., roads, waterbodies, parking areas, and buildings). We compared visitor behavior on cold, average, and hot days, and on days with precipitation compared to days without precipitation, across fourteen ecoregions within the continental U.S. Our results suggest daily weather impacts where visitors go within parks, and the effect of weather differs substantially by ecoregion. In most ecoregions, visitors stayed closer to infrastructure on rainy days. Temperature also affects visitors’ spatial behavior within parks, but there was not a consistent trend across ecoregions. Importantly, parks in some ecoregions contain more microclimates than others, which may allow visitors to adapt to unfavorable conditions. These findings suggest visitors’ spatial behavior in parks may change in the future due to the increasing frequency of hot summer days.

scholarly journals Joint Occurrence of Daily Temperature and Precipitation Extreme Events over Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 2148-2162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Tencer ◽  
Andrew Weaver ◽  
Francis Zwiers
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Joint Occurrence

AbstractThe occurrence of individual extremes such as temperature and precipitation extremes can have a great impact on the environment. Agriculture, energy demands, and human health, among other activities, can be affected by extremely high or low temperatures and by extremely dry or wet conditions. The simultaneous or proximate occurrence of both types of extremes could lead to even more profound consequences, however. For example, a dry period can have more negative consequences on agriculture if it is concomitant with or followed by a period of extremely high temperatures. This study analyzes the joint occurrence of very wet conditions and high/low temperature events at stations in Canada. More than one-half of the stations showed a significant positive relationship at the daily time scale between warm nights (daily minimum temperature greater than the 90th percentile) or warm days (daily maximum temperature above the 90th percentile) and heavy-precipitation events (daily precipitation exceeding the 75th percentile), with the greater frequencies found for the east and southwest coasts during autumn and winter. Cold days (daily maximum temperature below the 10th percentile) occur together with intense precipitation more frequently during spring and summer. Simulations by regional climate models show good agreement with observations in the seasonal and spatial variability of the joint distribution, especially when an ensemble of simulations was used.

scholarly journals Observed Trends in Indices of Daily Temperature Extremes in South America 1960–2000

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 5011-5023 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Vincent ◽  
T. C. Peterson ◽  
V. R. Barros ◽  
M. B. Marino ◽  
M. Rusticucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South America ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract A workshop on enhancing climate change indices in South America was held in Maceió, Brazil, in August 2004. Scientists from eight southern countries brought daily climatological data from their region for a meticulous assessment of data quality and homogeneity, and for the preparation of climate change indices that can be used for analyses of changes in climate extremes. This study presents an examination of the trends over 1960–2000 in the indices of daily temperature extremes. The results indicate no consistent changes in the indices based on daily maximum temperature while significant trends were found in the indices based on daily minimum temperature. Significant increasing trends in the percentage of warm nights and decreasing trends in the percentage of cold nights were observed at many stations. It seems that this warming is mostly due to more warm nights and fewer cold nights during the summer (December–February) and fall (March–May). The stations with significant trends appear to be located closer to the west and east coasts of South America.

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