RECREATION AND TOURIST RESOURCES AS AN ADDITIONAL SOURCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS OF THE WESTERN REGION OF UKRAINE

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ashu Michael Agbor ◽

Thwanche Raissa Kuimo

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Western Region ◽

Enamel Caries ◽

The Mean ◽

The Western Region ◽

Deciduous Molars

Dental caries, though common, presents with considerable variation in occurrence between countries, regions within countries, areas within regions, and among social and ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to describe the oral health status and practices of primary school children in the western region of Cameroon. This was a comparative descriptive cross sectional study took place in April to October 2018 in primary schools located in three localities (Urban, semi urban and rural) of the West region of Cameroon using a multistage random (cluster) sampling technique. There were a predominance of female pupils 265(54.9 %) than males 218 (45.1 %) and 411 (85.1 %) of the pupils had toothbrushes with the majority from urban areas 142 (94.7%). The frequency of brushing was higher in urban than the semi-urban and rural areas and 212 (50.5) of them brushed teeth once a day and nearly half 184 (43.8) twice daily. More than half 238 (56.7) of the children brush before breakfast wake up less than half brush 176 (42%) brush after supper. Two third 280(66.8%) of the children brush their teeth with toothbrush and without toothpaste 54(39.4%) was higher in rural areas. Wood ash 7 (5.1%), soap 4(2.9%) and chewing sticks 3(2, 2%) were most frequently used for brushing in rural areas. The majority 395 (82 %) of the children had plaque, 73(15.1 %) presented with dental mal positions, 341 (70.6 %) with bleeding gums and 223 (46.2 %) had calculus which was predominant in lower incisors. The prevalence of dental caries in the entire population was 28.1%.The majority of pupils 346 (71.6 %) were caries free and 01 (0.2 %) had a missing tooth due to decay. None of the children presented with filled teeth. The mean DMFT was higher in the rural (0.39) as compared to the semi urban (0.18) and the urban (0.09) respectively. The mean DMFT index of the entire population was 0.28 while 135(27.9%) of the pupils presented with enamel caries which was predominant in the first permanent molar, 19 (47.2%) presented with deep caries mostly in the second deciduous molars and 8 (22.5%) presented with enamel caries on the second deciduous molars. Dental trauma 12 (2.5%) was mostly found in the upper central incisors. More than a third 61(36.1%) of the pupils who presented with gingivitis were from rural areas,43(25,4%) from semi urban, and 40(26.7%) from urban areas. Almost all the children who lived in semi-urban 157(92.9%) and in urban areas 150 (78.7%) consumed cariogenic diets. A third of the children who ate in-between meals lived in urban areas149 (34.2%) while 123 (72.8%) of the children in semi-urban areas were conscious of their oral hygiene, and 61 (37.2%) of the children’s food are controlled by the parents. Only 37 (7.7 %) of the children have done have ever been to a dentist. The prevalence of dental caries, periodontal diseases and other orofacial lesions in the western region of Cameroon was low. Dental caries was found to be higher in rural and urban areas. Collaboration between the ministries of health and basic education is necessary as a measure to institute oral health education in primary schools. This will go a long way to reduce inequalities in oral health by improving in the oral practices.

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Literacy and Education in Contemporary China: Daunting Challenges amidst Rapid Economic Development

The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies ◽

10.22439/cjas.v32i2.4759 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 84-121

Author(s):

Emile Kok-Kheng Yeoh ◽

Kah-Mun Chu

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Government Funding ◽

Government Policies ◽

Western Region ◽

Contemporary China ◽

Economic Growth And Development ◽

The Western Region ◽

The Government ◽

High Level

Education is undoubtedly playing an important role in economic development. The overall illiteracy rate in China has been decreasing since 1980 but there are still some areas such as the western region and rural areas that continue to suffer from a high level of illiteracy due to the lack of capital inflow and government funding. This has indirectly affected economic growth and development in those particular areas. The government has launched various plans and policies to overcome or ameliorate the problems of educational and economic inequality, especially in the western region, and with all these efforts the government has been able to successfully reduce illiteracy and to a certain extent reduce inequality at the regional level. However, due to funding inequalities and shortcomings of government policies, education still faces daunting challenges in contemporary China.

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Tourism aspects in the context of the rural area development

Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.15421/nvlvet8622 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (86) ◽

pp. 115-120

Author(s):

H. Horyn

Keyword(s):

Rural Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Western Region ◽

The European Union ◽

Resource Base ◽

Current State ◽

The Usa ◽

Tourism Resources ◽

The Western Region ◽

Natural Resource Base

Rural development is one of the priority directions of the economic policy of the countries of the European Union. Therefore, Ukraine, on the basis of these considerations, should develop a strategy for rural development in all its aspects, for tourism, in particular. The real state of tourist activity and its forms of rest in the territorial section of the Western region, which influence the development of rural areas are determined. According to the figure of the number of tourists served by the subjects of tourist activity «leaders» among the regions of the Western region in 2000–2016 were: Ivano-Frankivsk and Lviv regions. The position «middle» took Zakarpattia, Chernivtsi, Volyn, Rivne regions and «outsider» – Ternopil’ region. A specific share of tourists is calculated on the level of regions of the region in terms of the structure of tourist flows. Tracking dynamics of outgoing and foreign tourists is done. The motivation of tourist trips of foreign citizens to Ukraine is outlined. Subjects of tourist enterprises of the Western region provided services to foreign tourists from 34 countries of the world, among them tourists from Moldova, Belarus, Russia, Hungary, Poland, Germany, Romania, Slovakia, Israel, Germany, Tajikistan, the USA, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Italy, Great Britain, France, Lithuania, Czech Republic and Georgia. It is substantiated that the favorite places of domestic tourists are rural homesteads. The article analyzes the dynamics of the number of farmsteads in 2014–2016. It is analyzed that in the Western region the total number of lodges located in estates increased compared to 2015. The article describes the current state and natural resource base of recreational and tourist potential in the territorial section of the Western region. The tracking of the dynamics of the main indices of the estates and the received income from their services are calculated. The proposal on the maximum development of tourism resources within the rural areas of the region is formulated. The trend of growth of tourist fees to local budgets of the regions of the Western region has been monitored. In the regions of the Western region in 2016, the income was received by Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Chernivtsi, Volyn, Ternopil and Zakarpattia regions.

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Geographical aspects of the demographic situation in Western Ukraine

Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography ◽

10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10170 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 72-78

Author(s):

Iryna Hudzelyak

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Population ◽

Urban Population ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Rapid Decline ◽

Western Region ◽

Demographic Situation ◽

Western Ukraine ◽

The Western Region ◽

Population Demographic

The population of Western Ukraine decreases over the 2001–2016 years and at present is 9,356 thousands or 21 % of the whole population. Due to the slower pace of depopulation in comparison with other regions, the demographic weight of the Western region increases in the population of Ukraine. The rural population of the Western region decreases, while the urban population due to migration inflows increases. The level of urbanization in the Western region remains the lowest in Ukraine – only 49 %, but the rate of urbanization in the last 15 years was the highest in the country, except the capital region. Improvements in the economic activity and expansion of urban areas have a place in many cities. The level of population ageing of the Western region is the lowest in Ukraine and the more aged population is rural. Due to reduced fertility and the premature mortality, extremely rapid ageing of the urban population occurs. Because of the great migration losses in rural areas in recent decades, the level of ageing of the rural population is growing really slowly and in Volyn region, the rural population became younger. The birth rate here is the highest in Ukraine, especially in rural areas of Rivne, Zakarpattia, and Volyn regions. Therefore, the proportion of children in all types of settlements dramatically exceeds the average indicators among Ukrainian. The urban population of the region is characterised by a new European model of reproductive behaviour that defines the main demographic parameters: low fertility, including early birth, the dominance of nucleus families, and higher age for marriages. In general, the most favourable demographic situation is in Zakarpattia region and rural areas of Rivne region, which is mostly achieved by high birth rates, lower level of premature mortality and lower migration loss of reproductive groups. The worst demographic situation among the Western regions is in the Ternopil region, where demographic potential in the rural areas significantly decreased as a result of large migration losses and a rapid decline in fertility. Key words: population, demographic situation, urbanization, depopulation, demographic ageing, natural reproduction, migration.

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Equine infectious anemia in the western region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20170809 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cristiane Santin Barzoni ◽

Daniele Martinez Pereira Nogueira ◽

Gisele Dias Marques ◽

Gustavo Nogueira Diehl ◽

Débora da Cruz Payão Pellegrini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Western Region ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Agar Gel ◽

International Borders ◽

Equine Infectious Anemia ◽

The Western Region ◽

Positive Properties

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to characterize the outbreaks of equine infectious anemia (EIA) identified, between the years 2009 and 2015, in the western region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We identified 26 positive horses on 24 properties. Each positive property was considered an outbreak of the disease. The diagnoses were made using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test as a part of the sanitary checks conducted during animal transportation or certification of the horse´s sanitary status. The positive properties included farms or horse barns, and the infected animals were used for ranch work, sports, or reproduction. One outbreak was identified in animals that were being illegally transported from Argentina to Brazil. Fifteen outbreaks occurred on properties that were not registered with the Official Veterinary Service (OVS). Eleven outbreaks were identified in urban areas and 13 in rural areas. Twelve of the 24 outbreaks were diagnosed in 2015 alone, nine of which occurred in São Borja county. On two properties, a diagnosis could not be confirmed with a retest; therefore, these outbreaks were discharged. During sanitation checks on three properties, 12 additional positive animals were identified among a population of 1,108 susceptible animals. Based on these findings, we concluded that a subclinical form of the infection is present in that area, which is linked to properties that are not registered with the OVS, and that animals which are transported illegally across international borders represent a potential risk.

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