Small Farms/Family Farms: Tracing a History of Definitions and Meaning

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Effland
Keyword(s):  
Small Farms ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Soil Factors Related to the Severity of Clubroot in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (8) ◽  
pp. 1345-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline da S. Bhering ◽  
Margarida G. F. do Carmo ◽  
Talita de S. Matos ◽  
Erica S. A. Lima ◽  
Nelson M. B. do Amaral Sobrinho
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Inoculum Potential ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Soil Attributes ◽  
Brassica Spp ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Soil pH and calcium levels are determining factors in the success or failure of managing clubroot during the cultivation of Brassica spp. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of soil attributes in tropical regions on the development of roots and clubroot and the accumulation of biomass and nutrients in cauliflower. One hundred and fifty-one samples of soil and plants were collected from 16 family farms that have a history of more than 50 years of regular cauliflower cultivation in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Chemical and physical analyses were performed on the soil samples, and the severity of clubroot and the accumulation of biomass and macronutrients in individual plants and plant tissues. Clustering and main principal component analyses were performed on the data. The disease occurred on all farms, but with different intensities. A direct relationship was observed for the soil attributes (acidity and exchangeable aluminum content in particular) with the percentage of roots with clubroot and with the accumulation of biomass and macronutrients in the different plant organs. To reduce losses from clubroot in weathered soils, practices should aim to reduce the pathogen’s inoculum potential and improve the physical and chemical conditions of the soil, which would favor root development of the plants.

Tillers: An Oral History of Family Farms in California

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Cynthia Jane Sturgis ◽  
Ann Foley Scheuring
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Anti-Leptospira spp. Antibodies in Pigs Slaughtered in the Agreste Region of Pernambuco, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Fernanda Torres Samico-Fernandes ◽  
Pedro Paulo Feitosa De Albuquerque ◽  
Marcela Fernanda Torres Samico Fernandes ◽  
André De Souza Santos ◽  
Amanda Thaís Ferreira Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
The State ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Swine Production ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inspection Service

Background:  Swine production and productivity rates can be influenced by several factors, such as genetics, environmental conditions, nutritional factors, previous infections and others. Among infectious diseases, leptospirosis is a well-known cause of reproductive disorders in pigs. These animals are considered carriers of the disease when they are in the terminal stage of the infection and the Veterinary Inspection Service has not been notified when they are slaughtered. Considering the lack of epidemiological information on Leptospira infection in pigs in the state of Pernambuco, the aim of this study was to investigate anti-Leptospira antibodies in pigs slaughtered in the Agreste region of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Blood samples were collected from 305 pigs in 11 municipalities in the Agreste region of Pernambuco. The animals had no history of vaccination, and were raised on subsistence-oriented family farms. The sera were subjected to the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) for the detection of antibodies. The serovars used in the MAT were: Icterohaemorrhagiae, Copenhageni, Javanica, Canicola, Castellonis, Pyrogenenes, Cynopteri, Autumnalis, Sentot, Djasiman, Australis, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Wolffi, Sejroe, Saxkoebing, Bataviae, Tarassovi, Panama, Patoc, Andamana, Celledoni, Shermani, Brastilava and Hardjo. Sera showing titers of ≥100 were considered positive. The MAT results indicated that 78/305 (25.57%) of the samples were positive, and were distributed in the 11 municipalities. The most frequent serovars were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Copenhageni, and Djasiman, with frequencies of 55.13%, 17.95% and 6.41%, respectively.Discussion: Swine infected with leptospirosis showed few or no signs of the disease. However, the bacteria can be carried for long periods in convoluted tubules of the kidney and their urinary excretion may last for years. A study of Leptospira spp. risk factors on pig farms in the state of Alagoas revealed an absence of rodent control, suggesting that this was the probable cause of infection by this serovar, Icterohaemorrhagiae. Farms that did not control their rodent populations showed a 7.8-fold higher risk of infection among their swine. This exposure poses a problem, since these animals can contaminate the environment, as well as food and water, making them an important source of infection of other animals. The findings of this study indicate that the pigs were exposed to Leptospira spp. The reason that some atypical serovars were identified  in this study may be have been incidental infection, since  these animals came  from a non-technified system, putting them at greater risk of contact with other animal species. This may also be a reason for the identification of the other serovars in this research. Although the serovar Copenhagen is part of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, few studies have described its importance. The main reservoirs of Copenhageni are also synanthropic rodents, which underscores the importance of these animals as possible sources of contamination on farms that supply pigs to the slaughterhouses of the region under study. The data obtained here indicate the need for animal health surveillance programs in the region. Moreover, they may also be a source of infection of the professionals directly involved in handling and slaughtering pigs. This indicates the need to implement surveillance programs in the region, such as high vaccination coverage at pig farms, as well as integrated pest management against rodents.

scholarly journals Serological Survey for RHD Antibodies in Rabbits from Two Types of Rabbit Breeding Farms

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fitzner ◽  
W. Niedbalski
Keyword(s):  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
History Of ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Domestic Rabbits ◽  
Breeding Farms ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
And Control

Abstract Seroprevalence studies of RHDV antibodies in domestic rabbits were conducted between 2008-2014. A total of 12,169 sera from the provinces of central, southern and south-east Poland, including 7,570 samples collected from mixed-breed rabbits reared in smallholder farms and nearly 4,600 sera taken mainly from unvaccinated rabbits kept in industrial farms, were examined using ELISA tests. Additionally, cross-reactivity of selected tested and control archival sera using both classic RHDV and RHDVa antigens was determined by HI assay. The overall seroprevalence was 13.3%. In rabbits with unkown history of immunisation or RHD infection which came from small farms, RHDV antibodies were detected in 6.1% ranging between 1.0% to 17.2% of animals. In rabbits of the same group, but with a declared vaccination status, or confirmed exposure to an infectious virus, or coming from exposed females, the seroprevalence ranged from 83% to 100%. Among unvaccinated meat rabbits aged 71 to 90 days from industrial farms, low (1.85%, 4.17%, 11%), medium (34%, 54%) or high rates (98.7%) of seropositivity were detected. The seroconversion recorded in adult vaccinated females from industrial farms was 70% and 95%. Generally, the antibody levels examined by ELISAs and HI were comparable. However, a number of sera from the rabbits from small farms, as well as archival sera, showed clear differences. Several-fold differences in antibody titers, evidenced mainly in the postoutbreak sera, indictaed the contact of animals with RHDVa antigen. The overall results of the survey revealed a great proportion of seronegative rabbits potentially highly susceptible to RHD infection. In combination with the emergence of a novel pathogenic RHD virus type (RHDV2), it poses a severe risk of a next wave of fatal disease cases spreading in the native population of domestic rabbits, especially in farms with a traditional system of husbandry.

scholarly journals Implementation of sustainable development goals of Ukraine in the context of the transformation of personal farmers in the family

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mykola Malik ◽  
Oleksandr Shpykuliak ◽  
Volodymyr Mamchur
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Market Environment ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Development Goals

It is proved that the institutionalization of family farming in the market environment as an organizational and legal form, in addition to ensuring the growth at the present stage of economic and social standards of rural residents, directly capable of achieving the goals of the Sustainable Development Goals of Ukraine until 2030. Ukraine operates small farms and private farms that, by a set of identification criteria, can change their status by creating a stateless family farm Su legal entity organized independently or jointly with members of his family under the contract (declaration). The study found that modern legal innovations, designed to ensure the implementation of the mechanism of institutionalization of the family economy in a market environment, are characterized by an appropriate level of implementation: legal – arranged, methodically constructed laws and codes, establishing simple and transparent tax rules; the market – the family farmer is still in the "gray" zone of the market, that is, the majority of such entrepreneurs do not belong to the relevant entities of this organizational form; public (informal) - generally established as a motivated type of economic activity; economic – small farms acquire the status of economically viable in the market, but are already recognized by economic entities capable of receiving significant additional income. However, this did not significantly affect the significant positive tendency of their creation and development. This situation is caused, in particular, by the lack of scientific and methodological approaches to ensure their transformation into a market environment of the economy, appropriate mechanisms for their promotion and support. Thanks to the efficiency of solving these problems, it is estimated that by 2030, about 300,000 private farms can be legalized into a market economy mechanism in the status of a family farm, and about 5,000 functioning small farms, which can be defined according to the established family farms criteria of its legal form of management . The analysis of the conducted potential of formation and development of family farms allows confirming that the specified economic unit is capable to provide both economic development of rural territories, growth of well-being of villagers, and achievement of the set goals set by the Sustainable Development Goal of Ukraine for the period until 2030. The study outlines the main directions of ensuring the achievement of the set goals in the context of ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture.

Strangers in Our Midst: Catholics in Rural America

2019 ◽  
pp. 86-107
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Marlett
Keyword(s):  
Religious Faith ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Rural America ◽  
The Third ◽  
Church Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Institutional Church ◽  
American Cities ◽  
The City

This chapter discusses the history of Catholics in the rural United States, which engages three narrative strands. The role of the institutional church—its schools, churches, monasteries, and hospitals—and its clergy represent perhaps the most visible strand. Then there is the story of rural Catholic people themselves: where they came from, what they did, and how their religious faith separated them from their non-Catholic rural neighbors. An often-tense relationship between the city and the country constitutes the third strand; stereotypes aside, rural America has never existed in isolation from American cities. This dynamic was especially evident in the history of rural Catholics. That history generated some of its own quintessentially “American” images: family farms, wholesome church life, the simplicity and honesty of small town life; but these images were inevitably read as anomalous when Catholics staked their proprietary claims.

scholarly journals Motivational Factors, Job Satisfaction, and Economic Performance in Romanian Small Farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5832
Author(s):  
Silvia Ștefania Maican ◽  
Andreea Cipriana Muntean ◽  
Carmen Adina Paștiu ◽  
Sebastian Stępień ◽  
Jan Polcyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

The agricultural sector ensures food security and is a major source of employment, income, and economic activity in rural areas. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) considers that family farms are the key to a sustainable future in Europe and Central Asia. In Romania, small farms represent the pillar on which Romanian society has been developed. Although the trend has been a reduction in the number of small farms and an increase in the number of large farms, the Government of Romania understands the importance of small farms and therefore supports them through policies involving direct payments, rural development instruments, special initiatives, and loans and outstanding obligations, among others, which focus on increasing their economic performance. The aim of our research was to determine the relationship between farmers’ motivation, their job satisfaction, and the farm economic performance in the case of small Romanian farms. The research sample consisted of 900 small farms (utilized agricultural area (UAA): under 20 ha; standard output (SO): under EUR 15,000). The data obtained after applying the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and Amos 24.0. For the exploratory factor analysis, values of Bartlett’s test of sphericity, the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were calculated for each dimension of the proposed model. The hypothesis that motivation, job satisfaction, and farm economic performance directly and positively influence each other was confirmed. An important finding was that the correlation coefficient between farmers’ motivation and farm economic performance was ρ = 0.78, while that for the relation between farmers’ job satisfaction and farm economic performance was ρ = 0.53, which was similar to the correlation coefficient calculated for the relationship between farmers’ motivation and farmers’ job satisfaction. This result allows us to conclude that the influence of farmers’ motivation factors on farm economic performance is stronger than the influence of job satisfaction in the case of Romanian farmers on small farms. This might explain why, although work in agriculture is considered to be worse than an office job and the people that work in agriculture are sometimes stigmatized and receive lower incomes, there are still very strong motivators for Romanian farmers to continue their work in agriculture. This is proven by the fact that Romania has the highest number of small farms in Europe, and this number is not decreasing.

scholarly journals OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN THE SALE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FROM SMALL AND FAMILY FARMS IN BULGARIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 549-559
Author(s):  
M. Nikolova
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Active Implementation

Foods are a natural necessity for sustaining the life of the human body. Therefore, it is important for each person to be able to meet their needs, depending on their individual diet. There are more and more people who prefer Bulgarian products on their table. Many consumers are looking for quality and healthy products through direct contact with producers in the region, in farmers' markets, but also in large food chains. The problem is that products from small and family farms can hardly reach the stands in food chains, where most of the products offered are still of foreign origin. The purpose of our study is related to the study of the possibilities for realization of agricultural products from small and family farms in Bulgaria. The research methods used in the study include: general research methods, survey, summary and synthesis, logical method, tabular, graphical and schematic presentation of characteristics and trends. The results of the research can be systematized in several directions: the answers for solving the problems of small agricultural farms, related to the successful realization of their seasonal production, are sought; the need for greater support for small farms in each region is revealed. In this regard, the role of all stakeholders in the chain, incl. and the need for active implementation of both state tools and the assistance of local authorities on a regional scale. In conclusion, measures to improve the supply chain of agricultural products from small farms must be aimed at strong horizontal and vertical integration between key figures in the sector. The state national policy for increasing the competitiveness of small and family farms must constantly follow the focus on small farmers, who find it difficult to sell products in general and even more so in emergency situations. Greater support for small farms in each region is more than needed.

scholarly journals Coffee Frontier in Proto-Colonial and Colonial Angola

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Jelmer Vos
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Commercial Farming ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Coffee Cultivation

Coffee plantations were unquestionably one of the defining features of Angola’s colonial landscape. From the 1870s to independence, coffee was the main export of this former Portuguese colony, barring a couple of intervals during which rubber and diamonds held first place. During this time, Angola ranked consistently among the world’s largest robusta producers, which it might still have been today had the country’s civil war (1975-2002) not made commercial farming all but impossible. In Angolan popular memory, coffee occupies an ambivalent position: for some people it brings up memories of colonial forced labor, while others recollect stories of successful family farms. My research project, “Coffee and Colonialism in Angola, 1820-1960,” aims to reconstruct the multiple, intertwined realities behind these contrasting memories. Focusing on northern Angola, where smallholding and estate farming always coexisted, it investigates how African farmers, colonial settlers, foreign traders, and global consumers shaped one of the oldest commercial coffee frontiers in sub-Saharan Africa. In doing so, it reflects on the question to what extent “colonialism” is the proper lens through which to study the history of coffee cultivation in Angola. 

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