scholarly journals Trends in breeding oat for nutritional grain quality - An overview

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 904-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asima Gazal ◽  
Z. A. Dar ◽  
Gul Zaffar ◽  
A. A. Lone ◽  
I. Abidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Local Germplasm

Oat is an economically important crop and ranks sixth in world cereal production after maize, wheat, rice, barley and sorghum. It has been primarily utilized as livestock feed. However, the utilization of oats for human consumption has increased progressively, owing to its dietary and health benefits which relies mainly on the total dietary fibre and β-glucan content, which significantly reduces postprandial blood glucose, insulin and blood lipids, especially serum total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Henceforth, enhancing Oat b-glucan content forhuman consumption is desirable. As it is a polygenic trait controlled mainly by genes with additive effects, phenotypic selection for greater b-glucan content would be effective for developing cultivars with elevated b-glucan contents. Oat b-glucan concentration has been found to be positively correlated with protein content and negatively correlated with oil content. β-glucan yield (i.e., Product of grain yield and β-glucan content) has been found to correlate positively with both grain yield (r = 0.92) and β-glucan content (r = 0.66). Hence, this nutritional oat grain quality has been improved through selection for improved grain yield as they both increase simultaneously. Among wild accessions, A. atlantica genotypes have high β-glucan content (2·2–11·3%) and have been used in breeding programmes for increasing the β-glucan content of adapted elite local germplasm. Besides conventional breeding approaches, molecular breeding approaches have made possible to identify several molecular markers linked to β-glucan rich regions across oat genome hence enabling mapping and dissection of β-glucan rich genomic regions and accelerating the improvement in nutritional grain quality.

Early generation selection in wheat. II. Grain quality

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Fischer ◽  
L O'Brien ◽  
KJ Quail
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Early Generation ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Early Generation Selection ◽  
Selection For

In order to test early-generation selection for grain quality, random F1-derived progeny from a multiple convergent cross of 16 high-yielding bread wheats were grown in F3 generation, along with the parents, as spaced plants in a glasshouse under optimal conditions. Progeny lines were then advanced without selection to F7 when 58 random lines were sown with the parents in a replicated yield experiment at Griffith under irrigation and optimal management. Small-scale grain quality tests were performed on grain from the F3 plants, the F7 plots and the parents. The tests comprised particle size index (PSI), grain and flour protein content (GP, FP), sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation volume (SDS), Pelshenke wheatmeal fermentation time (PEL) and flour milling yield (MY).There were significant genotypic effects for all quality traits in each generation. Phenotypic correlations in F3 and in F7 showed positive correlations between protein content and SDS and PEL, and in F7 a strong negative correlation between grain yield and grain quality (GP, FP, SDS, PEL). Across generations (F3 versus F7), the relationship was strong for PSI, moderate for SDS and PEL, but nonsignificant for the other traits.The realized heritability was high for PSI (77%), moderate for SDS (44%) and PEL (47%), but low (18-24%) in the other cases. Selection at an intensity of 26% for the first three mentioned traits did not significantly change grain yield, plant height or flowering date, although for GP and FP it did lower grain yield by 7%. Desirable quality types were defined within the three hardness (PSI) classes, namely, hard, intermediate, and soft (gluten type not biscuit type). Retrospective selection in F3 for desirable types significantly and markedly increased the frequency of desirable types in each class by three- to eight-fold. It is concluded that in wheat early generation selection for PSI, SDS and PEL, even when practised upon glasshouse-grown plants, gives useful progress without prejudicing grain yield.

scholarly journals Emerging science on benefits of whole grain oat and barley and their soluble dietary fibers for heart health, glycemic response, and gut microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Susan M Tosh ◽  
Nicolas Bordenave
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The aim of this work is to review the major mechanisms by which consumption of whole grain oats and barley, and β-glucans, reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and other noncommunicable chronic conditions. These effects have been predominantly explained by the role of soluble dietary fibers and smaller bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, in oats and barley. These help to reduce the level of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreasing postprandial blood glucose and modulating gut microbiota. In the present review, the role of viscosity development of the intestinal content by β-glucans in these mechanisms is discussed, as well as the impact of processing conditions altering the composition or the physicochemical characteristics of β-glucans.

scholarly journals Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd (Fabaceae) seed extract and its effect on lipid profile, and hepatic and renal biomarkers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1881-1887
Author(s):  
Derya Kartal ◽  
Necati Özok
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd (Fabaceae) lyophilized extract on various biomarkers of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Adult male rats (36) were divided into 6 groups, viz, normal control (NC), diabetes control (DC), and treatment groups. Experimental diabetes was induced with streptozotocin. Blood samples were taken from the tail veins daily for 25 days. Fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels of rats were determined. The rats were sacrificed and blood, kidney and liver were taken for biochemical analysis. Results: Blood glucose decreased in DC groups compared to NC group (p ≤ 0.05). In diabetic extract groups, glycated Hb decreased compared to DC group (p ≤ 0.05). Alpha glucosidase activity was reduced in all treatment groups compared to DC group (p ≤ 0.05). Only triglyceride levels of diabetes extract (400 mg/mL) group decreased compared to DC (p ≤ 0.05). Total cholesterol levels fell compared to NC and DC groups (p ≤ 0.05). Low density lipoprotein was lower compared to NC (p ≤ 0.05), while aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels rose in diabetic extract groups compared to NC, but fell in some diabetic extract groups compared to DC group (p ≤ 0.05). Lactate dehydrogenase decreased in all diabetic extract groups compared to NC and DC (p ≤ 0.05). Serum urea and creatinine levels were higher in diabetic extract groups compared to NC, but decreased in DC group (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that Vicia ervilia lyophilized extract haas positive effects on blood glucose and biochemical parameters in diabetic rats compared to DC of V. ervilia seed extract.

Grain quality of flooded rice is affected by season, nitrogen rate, and plant type

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Borrell ◽  
A. L. Garside ◽  
S. Fukai ◽  
D. J. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Alkali Digestion

Quality of grain, next to yield, is the most important factor for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in semi-arid tropical Australia. Studies were undertaken in the Burdekin River Irrigation Area of northern Australia to improve rice grain quality through nitrogen fertilisation. This paper reports the results of 4 experiments comparing the response of 3 rice genotypes differing in maturity and stature to 5 rates of applied nitrogen (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg/ha) over 4 seasons (2 wet and 2 dry seasons). The components of grain quality studied were endosperm chalkiness, whole grain millout, grain size, alkali digestion (gelatinisation temperature), and grain protein. This paper also examines the suitability of the 3 genotypes as parental material in breeding programs aimed at selecting for specific grain quality attributes. Starbonnet was identified as a potential parent in breeding programs which aim to specifically select for reduced chalkiness and high millout in low N environments. Selection for lower chalkiness, and higher millout and protein concentration, should occur in a wide range of target environments to account for the seasonal variation observed in these parameters. Grain size appeared to be affected more by genetic than agronomic factors, since grain length and breadth were largely unaffected by N rate, yet genotypic differences were found for both parameters in all experiments. Newbonnet grain was long and slender, suggesting this genotype would be a suitable parent in breeding programs aimed at improving grain appearance. The response of alkali digestion to N rate and genotype was small for all seasons. The importance of developing N fertiliser strategies that optimise both grain yield and quality was highlighted by differences in the responses of grain protein and grain yield to N rate. A number of linkages were examined among various components of grain quality. However, the magnitude of these linkages was small, suggesting that selection for one quality component should not be at the expense of selection for another.

scholarly journals High α-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum):some nutritional properties in humans

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Cunnane ◽  
Sujata Ganguli ◽  
Chantale Menard ◽  
Andrea C. Liede ◽  
Mazen J. Hamadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Flaxseed Oil ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Soluble Fibre ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Thiocyanate Excretion

Although high α-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissitmum) is one of the richest dietary sources of α- linolenic acid and is also a good source of soluble fibre mucilage, it is relatively unstudied in human nutrition. Healthy female volunteers consumed 50 g ground, raw flaxseed/d for 4 weeks which provided 12–13% of energy intake (24–25 g/100 g total fat). Flaxseed raised α-linolenic acid and long-chain n-3 fatty acids in both plasma and erythrocyte lipids, as well as raising urinary thiocyanate excretion 2.2- fold. Flaxseed also lowered serum total cholesterol by 9 % and low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol by 18%. Changes in plasma α-linolenic acid were equivalent when 12 g α-linolenic acid/d was provided as raw flaxseed flour (50 g/d) or flaxseed oil (20 g/d) suggesting high bioavailability of α-linolenic acid from ground flaxseed. Test meals containing 50 g carbohydrate from flaxseed or 25 g flaxseed mucilage each significantly decreased postprandial blood glucose responses by 27%. Malondialdehyde levels in muffins containing 15 g flaxseed oil or flour/kg were similar to those in wheat-flour muffins. Cyanogenic glycosides (linamarin, linustatin, neolinustatin) were highest in extracted flaxseed mucilage but were not detected in baked muffins containing 150 g flaxseed/kg. We conclude that up to 50 g high-α-linolenic acid flaxseed/d is palatable, safe and may be nutritionally beneficial in humans by raising n-3 fatty acids in plasma and erythrocytes and by decreasing postprandial glucose responses.

scholarly journals Genetics of quality and agronomic traits in hard endosperm maize

2008 ◽  
Vol 146 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. ALONSO FERRO ◽  
R. A. MALVAR ◽  
P. REVILLA ◽  
A. ORDÁS ◽  
P. CASTRO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Dominance Variation ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

SUMMARYHard endosperm maize (Zea mays L.) is useful for industry and for human consumption. The objective of the present work was to study the inheritance of quality traits in hard endosperm maize. Three flint and three dent inbreds, F1 of their diallel crosses, F2s and backcrosses to each parent were evaluated for grain yield and quality traits (flotation test, flour-milling test, grain damage (GD) index and grain density). Genotypes and genotype×environment interactions were significant for most traits. A genetic model including additive, dominance and epistatic effects explained most of the genetic variation for the traits. Additive effect mean squares were larger than those due to dominance effects, except for grain yield and GD. Partition of the dominance variance into average, general, and specific dominance components revealed that the average dominance related to heterosis was the most important. Additive×additive epistatic variation was smaller than additive and dominance variation for quality traits. Some inbreds displayed sufficient potential to be used in hard endosperm maize breeding programmes. The average dominance effect was favourable for most of the quality and agronomic traits. Breeding programmes for improving quality in hard endosperm maize would be most efficient if both additive and dominant effects are capitalized on.

Efficiency of marker-assisted selection for ascochyta blight in chickpea

2013 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. CASTRO ◽  
J. RUBIO ◽  
E. MADRID ◽  
M. D. FERNÁNDEZ-ROMERO ◽  
T. MILLÁN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Susceptible Parent ◽  
Distorted Segregation ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Phenotype Distribution ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

SUMMARYThe extent to which markers have been used in chickpea breeding programmes has not been clearly determined. In the current study, phenotypic and marker-assisted selection (MAS) were employed to select blight resistant genotypes, comparing the effectiveness of both methods. The phenotypic evaluation showed that the resistance could be recessive in the material employed. However, the high distorted segregation towards the susceptible parent detected on linkage group four (LG4) could also explain the phenotype distribution of resistance. Phenotypic selection in F2:4 and F2:5 generations lead to an increase in the frequency of the allele associated with the resistance of the markers CaETR and GAA47, indicating the usefulness of these markers for MAS. The markers TA72 and SCY17 could be also useful for MAS but the high distorted segregation towards the susceptible parent in the region where these markers are located could explain their low effectiveness. The costs associated with phenotypic selection and MAS for ascochyta blight resistance during three cycles of selection are presented in the current study, showing that MAS was more expensive than phenotypic selection. Nevertheless, the use of markers reduced the time taken to select resistant lines. The markers analysed in the current study were useful to select genotypes resistant to ascochyta blight in chickpea breeding programmes, allowing pyramiding genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to different pathotypes. It is recommended that MAS should be employed in early generations of chickpea breeding programmes for the four QTL analysed because this makes it possible to develop populations with a high frequency of the favourable alleles conferring resistance to blight.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document