scholarly journals Survey, documentation and identification of entomofauna of cocoa, Theobroma cacao L. in major cocoa growing regions of South India

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1444-1451
Author(s):  
S. Srinivasnaik ◽  
M. Suganthy ◽  
S. Mohan Kumar ◽  
V. Jegadeeswari
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
South India ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Survey, monitoring and documentation of entomofauna of cocoa was carried out in three cocoa growing states viz., Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh during 2014-2015. Results revealed that a total number of 23 species of insect pests and 13 species of natural enemies were documented and identified. Among the insect pests, 14, 2 and 7 species were sucking pests, borers and defoliators, respectively. Among the natural enemies, 7 species of predators and 6 species of parasitoids were documented and identified on different insect pests of cocoa. Among the insect pests, sucking pests were found to be predominant and maximum number of entomofauna were recorded in major coco growing areas of Tamil Nadu. From the results it was concluded that the list of entomofauna documented can enhance the knowledge on diversity of the entomofauna associated with cocoa in three different cocoa growing states. Sucking pests were found to be predominant and caused huge yield loss in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. While in Andhra Pradesh pod borer and bark eating caterpillar were found to be predominant causing severe yield loss. This information provides a base for development of location specific Integrated Pest Management module.

scholarly journals Application of Trap Cropping as Companion Plants for the Management of Agricultural Pests: A Review

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shovon Chandra Sarkar ◽  
Endong Wang ◽  
Shengyong Wu ◽  
Zhongren Lei
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Trap Crops ◽  
Companion Plant ◽  
Trap Cropping

Companion planting is a well-known strategy to manage insect pests and support a natural enemy population through vegetative diversification. Trap cropping is one such type of special companion planting strategy that is traditionally used for insect pest management through vegetative diversification used to attract insect pests away from the main crops during a critical time period by providing them an alternative preferred choice. Trap crops not only attract the insects for feeding and oviposition, but also act as a sink for any pathogen that may be a vector. Considerable research has been conducted on different trap crops as companion plant species to develop improved pest management strategies. Despite this, little consensus exists regarding optimal trap cropping systems for diverse pest management situations. An advantage of trap cropping over an artificially released natural enemy-based biological control could be an attractive remedy for natural enemies in cropping systems. Besides, many trap crop species can conserve natural enemies. This secondary effect of attracting natural enemies may be an advantage compared to the conventional means of pest control. However, this additional consideration requires a more knowledge-intensive background to designing an effective trap cropping system. We have provided information based on different trap crops as companion plant, their functions and an updated list of trap cropping applications to attract insect pests and natural enemies that should be proven as helpful in future trap cropping endeavors.

scholarly journals Pod Characteristics of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Related to Cocoa Pod Borer Resistance (Conopomorpha cramerella Snell.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Agung Wahyu Soesilo ◽  
Surip Mawardi ◽  
Witjaksono , ◽  
Woerjono Mangoendidjojo
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
Central Sulawesi ◽  
Series Study ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Criteria For Selection

AbstractThe characteristics of pod related to cocoa pod borer resistance (CPB, Conopomorpha cramerella Snell.) had been identified in a series study. This research has objective to evaluate performance of the characteristics using more diverse of genetic background to select criteria for selection. Genetic materials for this study were 25 cocoa clones which be planted in Central Sulawesi for resistant evaluation. Field evaluation of the resistance were assessed using the variable of the percentage of unextractable bean, number of entry and exit hole larvae by which the clones were grouped into 5 groups of resistance. A laboratory works were carried out to assess pod characteristics based on the number of trichome, granule of tannin and thickness the lignified-tissue of sclerotic layer using micro-technique method at the different level of pod maturity (3.0; 3.5; 4.0 months). Correlation between groups of those variables was analyzed using Canonical Correlation. The analysis performed a positive association between the thickness of sclerotic layer at the secondary furrow with the number of entry holes and the number of entry holes through sclerotic layer. The thickness performed a higher value of the coefficient in association with the variables of canonical for pod characteristics (0.59; 0.55; 0.43) and the variables of canonical for CPB resistance (0.54; 0.51; 0.39) that would presenting the characteristics of pod related to CPB resistance. Lignification at sclerotic layer was considered as genotypic expressions due to the thickness at the secondary furrow at 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 months of pod maturity performed high value of broad-sense heritability i.e. 0.75, 0.89 and 0.92 respectively. A qualitative assessment of the lignification clearly differentiate the resistant clones (ARDACIAR 10) with the susceptible clones (ICCRI 04, KW 516 and KW 564).Key words : cocoa pod borer, Theobroma cacao L., pod characteristics, resistance

Macro-microscopic Atlas on Heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. (Red sandalwood)

2021 ◽  
pp. 3927-3930
Author(s):  
Susikumar S ◽  
Nartunai G ◽  
Ilavarasan R
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
South India ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Herbal Formulation ◽  
Pterocarpus Santalinus

Background: Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. (Fam. Leguminosae) is a medium sized, deciduous tree distributed in South India mainly in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The heartwood is highly prized and medicinally useful. The heartwood is used in Indian system of medicine for leucorrhoea, piles, syphilis, vomiting, fever, thirst, purifying blood and in wound healing. Pterocarpus santalinus is one of the ingredients in many Siddha and Ayurvedic formulations namely Cintil Ney, Senchandana Manapagu, Candana Bala, Laksadi Taila and Candanadi lauha. Objective: The present study brings out macro-microscopic atlas on heartwood of medicinal plant Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. Materials and Methods: Sections and powder were observed and photographed under different magnifications with the help of Olympus BX51 Microscopic unit fitted with Olympus Camera. Results: Macroscopically colour, odour and taste; microscopically tyloses, needle eye end fibres, forked fibres with pegged and sharp end, pitted and border pitted vessels, uni-seriate medullary rays, Reddish brownish content, oil globules, simple starch grains, crystal fibres and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate are the unique diagnostic characters reported. Conclusion: The finding of the present study is believed to be helpful in identifying the genuineness of the heartwood in crude raw drug and also in standardization of herbal formulation containing red sandalwood as ingredient.

scholarly journals Variability studies and identification of high yielding plus trees of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Tamil Nadu

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (26) ◽  
pp. 3444-3453
Author(s):  
Velayutham Thondaiman ◽  
Rajamani K ◽  
Shoba N ◽  
John Joel A ◽  
Senthil N
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

scholarly journals Plant Defense Chemicals against Insect Pests

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica P. Yactayo-Chang ◽  
Hoang V. Tang ◽  
Jorrel Mendoza ◽  
Shawn A. Christensen ◽  
Anna K. Block
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defense ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Agricultural Pest ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Defense Chemicals

Insect pests cause significant global agricultural damage and lead to major financial and environmental costs. Crops contain intrinsic defenses to protect themselves from such pests, including a wide array of specialized secondary metabolite-based defense chemicals. These chemicals can be induced upon attack (phytoalexins) or are constitutive (phytoanticipins), and can have a direct impact on the pests or be used indirectly to attract their natural enemies. They form part of a global arms race between the crops and their insect pests, with the insects developing methods of suppression, avoidance, detoxification, or even capture of their hosts defensive chemicals. Harnessing and optimizing the chemical defense capabilities of crops has the potential to aid in the continuing struggle to enhance or improve agricultural pest management. Such strategies include breeding for the restoration of defense chemicals from ancestral varieties, or cross-species transfer of defense metabolite production.

Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and practices in jute insect pest management and cultural strategy in the upper Gangetic plains of West Bengal, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Sadat ◽  
Kaushik Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Gangetic Plains ◽  
And Control ◽  
Damage Symptoms

A survey on jute farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and practices (KPP) in pest management strategy was conducted during jute cultivation season of 2015 in the upper Gangetic plains of Uttar Dinajpur District, West Bengal, India. Detection and control of insect pests was largely based on damage symptoms of host plant. Damage caused by jute semilooper (Anomis sabulifera) was often mistakenly attributed to other leaf feeding caterpillars. Nearly all of the farmers applied insecticides (99%) without target specific use with an average 1.5 per season which may increase up to two to three spray per week. Pyrethroids were mostly accepted insecticide (67%), followed by organophosphates (33%) without knowing its toxic effect on environment. Farmers’ estimated yield loss due to insect pests was significantly correlated to estimated pest control cost. Due to pesticide sellers’ recommendations, farmer’s insecticidal ‘spray load’ significantly increased in every year, whereas the adopted number of insecticidal increased with advice following the guidance of extension staff and advertisement. Expenditure for pesticides was in concurrent with that of fertilizers. Only 10% of participating farmers knew about natural enemies, all of which were predators. Investigation is needed to evaluate whether significant savings can be obtained given a more judicious use of pesticides.

scholarly journals A Study on Biopesticides Market in Telangana

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Kommoju Nagendra Kumar ◽  
P. Radhika ◽  
. Seema ◽  
D. Srinivasa Chary
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Marketing Mix ◽  
Price Difference ◽  
Biotech Company ◽  
Bcg Matrix ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Biopesticides are a crucial component of integrated pest management programs for pest control. In India, so far only 12 types of biopesticides have been registered under the Insecticide Act, 1968. The present study entitled 'A study on biopesticides market in Telangana’ was intended to examine the marketing mix and BCG Matrix for selected biopesticide companies, awareness towards biopesticides. The results revealed that K N Bioscience company, Pratibha Biotech company and Varsha Bioscience company biopesticide products are useful for all crops and these companies products are mostly available in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat region. The prices of chemical pesticides in all categories are more than the price of biopesticides whereas the price difference ranges between Rs 230 to Rs 680. The BCG analysis shows that Verchi power and Paci-N power products of K N Bioscience company fall in the stars quadrant, Biostrom and Shock products of Varsha Bioscience company fall under the question marks quadrant, CID, Pro-kill and De-bug are the products of Pratibha Biotech company fall in cash cow quadrant. VBT and Toxin products of Varsha Bioscience company fall under the dog's quadrant.

scholarly journals Dampak pengendalian hama terpadu kakao terhadap serangan penggerek buah kakao (Conopomorpha cramella (Sn.)) (Lepidoptera : Gracillariidae) dan Helopeltis sp. (Hemiptera : Miridae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mujiono Mujiono ◽  
Tarjoko Tarjoko ◽  
Samuji Samuji
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Agronomic Character ◽  
Balanced Fertilization ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
Leaf Mulch

Impact of integrated Pest management (IPM) for cacao pod borer attack (Conopomorpha cramella (Sn.)) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) dan Helopeltis sp.(Hemiptera : Miridae). Research on impact of integrated Pest management (IPM) for cacao pod borer attack (Conopomorpha cramella (Sn.)) and Helopeltis sp. had been conducted at Tumbik Melayu Village, Teluk bayur District, Berau Regency, in East Kalimantan, starting from May to September 2002. It used nested classification design. IPM practices applied in this research were pruning, balanced fertilization, weeding, field sanitation (leaf mulch), light pruning, fregment harvesting (every week), burrying of pod shell, and wrapping of young pod in week 15th. Result of the research revealed that IPM application could reduce the cacao pod borer attack reaching: a) light category before treatments from 41.29 to 15.00%; b) heavy category before treatments from 20.56 to 0 and 23.37%, compare to farmer plot. IPM implementation were able to increase percentage of healthy pod up to 18.66% compared to farmer plot. Beside it could suppers development of Helopeltis sp. population up to 24%. The dominant natural enemies were spider as many as 1.34 individuals per plant on IPM plot and 0.6 spider per plant on farmer plot (non IPM). Application of IPM practices were able to increase agronomic character: a) number of flower up to 37.22% when compare to farmer plot, and b) number of fruits until 5.56%, whereas number of young fruits decrease up 13.25%.

scholarly journals Natural Enemy (Arthropoda-Insecta) Biodiversity in Vegetable Crops in Northeastern Tamil Nadu, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Veeramuthu Anbalagan ◽  
Michael Gabriel Paulraj ◽  
Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu ◽  
Kathirvelu Baskar ◽  
Jonas Gunasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Natural enemies of insect pests in vegetable crops (brinjal, okra and tomato) were recorded and their diversity was studied in Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur Districts, Tamil Nadu. Natural enemies were collected by pitfall traps, sweeping nets and by hand picking from January 2011 to December 2013 twice in a month. Totally 129 species of predatory and parasitic insects were recorded. All the natural enemies were grouped into 50 families under eight different orders. Order hymenoptera contained the highest number of families and species. Among the predators, Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles) was found to be the dominant group with high number of species. It was clear that Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae, Carabidae and Pentatomidae were the predominant natural enemies throughout the study period. In 2013, formicidae formed the major family of occurrence from July to December in the vegetable fields; in this period the total number of individuals collected from all families was the highest. The maximum Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 3.70 during the second season in 2013. Maximum richness (5.99) was recorded in the second season of 2012. The variations in the diversity, species richness and evenness between two cropping systems are discussed in this paper.

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