Cruising Through School: General Equilibrium Effects of Cruise Ship Arrivals on Employment and Education

2021 ◽  
pp. 056943452110545
Author(s):  
Ryan McWay
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Cruise Ship ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Cruise Tourism

Cruise tourism is the fastest-growing branch of the tourism sector, and many have turned to it as a development strategy despite little systematic evidence of its equilibrium effects. I match 10.6 million automatic identification system (AIS) locations from 517 cruise ships arriving in 265 port destinations to 355,463 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) women’s surveys in 23 countries to estimate cruise tourism’s relationship with women’s labor market participation and educational attainment. Using fixed effects to identify changes in tourism over time, I estimate that doubling cruise ship arrivals is associated with a 4.9-percentage point increase in labor participation and one-quarter more years of education. These results would be consistent with port cities offering more job opportunities for older women and increased opportunity and available income for education, possibly in anticipation of improved employment prospects.

An Honors Teacher Like Me: Effects of Access to Same-Race Teachers on Black Students’ Advanced-Track Enrollment and Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-187
Author(s):  
Cassandra M. D. Hart
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Black Students ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Black Teachers ◽  
School Students ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
And Performance

Using rich administrative data from North Carolina and school-course fixed effects models, this study explores whether the availability of same-race instructors in advanced-track sections of courses affects Black high school students’ enrollment in, and performance in, advanced-track courses. The availability of at least one Black instructor at the advanced level is associated with a 2 percentage point increase in the uptake of advanced courses for Black students. However, conditional on enrollment in the advanced track, Black students are no more likely to pass advanced-track courses when taught by Black teachers. Positive effects on enrollment are driven by enrollment shifts for higher achieving students. Additional analyses showing benefits to non-Black students suggest that the main channels are not race-specific role model effects.

scholarly journals Inventor Gender and the Direction of Invention

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 250-254
Author(s):  
Rembrand Koning ◽  
Sampsa Samila ◽  
John-Paul Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Point Increase

We study whether increasing the share of female inventors leads to more biomedical inventions that focus on the needs of women. After accounting for detailed disease-technology, disease-year, and technology-year fixed effects, we find that a 10 percentage point increase in the share of female inventors in a research area yields 1.2 percentage points more female-focused patents. Notably, this effect only holds for female-led invention teams. Areas with a greater share of female inventors in supporting roles do not produce more female-focused inventions. For gender to impact the direction of invention, it appears that women must occupy positions of power.

Estimating the Effect of State Zero Tolerance Laws on Exclusionary Discipline, Racial Discipline Gaps, and Student Behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Chris Curran
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Suspension Rates ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Discipline Policies ◽  
Nationally Representative

Zero tolerance discipline policies have come under criticism as contributors to racial discipline gaps; however, few studies have explicitly examined such policies. This study utilizes data from two nationally representative data sources to examine the effect of state zero tolerance laws on suspension rates and principal perceptions of problem behaviors. Utilizing state and year fixed effects models, this study finds that state zero tolerance laws are predictive of a 0.5 percentage point increase in district suspension rates and no consistent decreases in principals’ perceptions of problem behaviors. Furthermore, the results indicate that the laws are predictive of larger increases in suspension rates for Blacks than Whites, potentially contributing to the Black–White suspension gap. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals The Non-Linear Relationship Between Fiscal Deficits And Inflation: Evidence From Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
Nurudeen Abu ◽  
Mohd Zaini Abd Karim
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
High Inflation

AbstractAlthough, there is abundant research on the fiscal deficit-inflation relationship, little has been done to investigate the non-linear association between them, particularly in Africa. This study employs fixed-effects and GMM estimators to examine the non-linear relationship between deficits and inflation from 1999 to 2011 in 51 African economies, which are further grouped into high-inflation/low-income countries and moderate-inflation/middle-income countries. The results indicate that the deficit-inflation relationship is non-linear for the whole sample and sub-groups. For the whole sample, a percentage point increase in deficit results in a 0.25 percentage point increase in inflation rate, while the relationship becomes quantitatively greater once deficits reach 23% of GDP. The subsamples report different relationships. Although our results cannot be used as the base for generalization, we identify importance of grouping African countries according to their levels of inflation and/or income, rather than treating them as a homogeneous entity.

The Effect of Taxation and Corruption on Firm Growth: An Empirical Investigation for Vietnam

2016 ◽  
pp. 5-29
Author(s):  
Bich Le Thi Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study is to analyze empirically the impact of taxation and corruption on the growth of manufacturing firms in Vietnam. The study employed pooled OLS estimation and then instrument variables with fixed effect for the panel data of 1377 firms in Vietnam from 2005 to 2011. These data were obtained from the survey of the Central Institute for Economic Management and the Danish International Development Agency. The results show that both taxation and corruption are negatively associated with firm growth measured by firm sales adjusted according to the GDP deflator. A one-percentage point increase in the bribery rate is linked with a reduction of 16,883 percentage points in firm revenue, over four and a half times bigger than the effect of a one-percentage point increase in the tax rate. From the findings of this research, the author recommends the Vietnam government to lessen taxation on firms and that there should be an urgent revolution in anti-corruption policies as well as bureaucratic improvement in Vietnam.

scholarly journals African American Unemployment and the Disparity in Periviable Births

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Catalano ◽  
Deborah Karasek ◽  
Tim Bruckner ◽  
Joan A. Casey ◽  
Katherine Saxton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic White

AbstractPeriviable infants (i.e., born before 26 complete weeks of gestation) represent fewer than .5% of births in the US but account for 40% of infant mortality and 20% of billed hospital obstetric costs. African American women contribute about 14% of live births in the US, but these include nearly a third of the country’s periviable births. Consistent with theory and with periviable births among other race/ethnicity groups, males predominate among African American periviable births in stressed populations. We test the hypothesis that the disparity in periviable male births among African American and non-Hispanic white populations responds to the African American unemployment rate because that indicator not only traces, but also contributes to, the prevalence of stress in the population. We use time-series methods that control for autocorrelation including secular trends, seasonality, and the tendency to remain elevated or depressed after high or low values. The racial disparity in male periviable birth increases by 4.45% for each percentage point increase in the unemployment rate of African Americans above its expected value. We infer that unemployment—a population stressor over which our institutions exercise considerable control—affects the disparity between African American and non-Hispanic white periviable births in the US.

Health Insurance Status as a Predictor of Mode of Colon Cancer Detection but Not Stage at Diagnosis: Implications for Early Detection

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492199917
Author(s):  
Lindsey A. Jones ◽  
Katherine C. Brewer ◽  
Leslie R. Carnahan ◽  
Jennifer A. Parsons ◽  
Blase N. Polite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Insurance Status ◽  
Stage At Diagnosis ◽  
Health Insurance Status ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase

Objective For colon cancer patients, one goal of health insurance is to improve access to screening that leads to early detection, early-stage diagnosis, and polyp removal, all of which results in easier treatment and better outcomes. We examined associations among health insurance status, mode of detection (screen detection vs symptomatic presentation), and stage at diagnosis (early vs late) in a diverse sample of patients recently diagnosed with colon cancer from the Chicago metropolitan area. Methods Data came from the Colon Cancer Patterns of Care in Chicago study of racial and socioeconomic disparities in colon cancer screening, diagnosis, and care. We collected data from the medical records of non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White patients aged ≥50 and diagnosed with colon cancer from October 2010 through January 2014 (N = 348). We used logistic regression with marginal standardization to model associations between health insurance status and study outcomes. Results After adjusting for age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status, being continuously insured 5 years before diagnosis and through diagnosis was associated with a 20 (95% CI, 8-33) percentage-point increase in prevalence of screen detection. Screen detection in turn was associated with a 15 (95% CI, 3-27) percentage-point increase in early-stage diagnosis; however, nearly half (47%; n = 54) of the 114 screen-detected patients were still diagnosed at late stage (stage 3 or 4). Health insurance status was not associated with earlier stage at diagnosis. Conclusions For health insurance to effectively shift stage at diagnosis, stronger associations are needed between health insurance and screening-related detection; between screening-related detection and early stage at diagnosis; or both. Findings also highlight the need to better understand factors contributing to late-stage colon cancer diagnosis despite screen detection.

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