Estimating Difference-Score Reliability in Pretest–Posttest Settings

2021 ◽  
pp. 107699862098694
Author(s):  
Zhengguo Gu ◽  
Wilco H. M. Emons ◽  
Klaas Sijtsma
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Difference Score ◽  
Difference Scores ◽  
Intraindividual Change ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Score Reliability ◽  
Level Method ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Clinical, medical, and health psychologists use difference scores obtained from pretest–posttest designs employing the same test to assess intraindividual change possibly caused by an intervention addressing, for example, anxiety, depression, eating disorder, or addiction. Reliability of difference scores is important for interpreting observed change. This article compares the well-documented traditional method and the unfamiliar, rarely used item-level method for estimating difference-score reliability. We simulated data under various conditions that are typical of change assessment in pretest–posttest designs. The item-level method had smaller bias and greater precision than the traditional method and may be recommended for practical use.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Internal Consistency of Subtraction-Based and Residualized Difference Scores: Considerations for Studies of Event-Related Potentials

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E Clayson ◽  
Scott Baldwin ◽  
Michael J. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Generalizability Theory ◽  
Classical Test Theory ◽  
Test Theory ◽  
Difference Score ◽  
Difference Scores ◽  
Classical Test ◽  
Score Reliability

In studies of event-related brain potentials (ERPs), difference scores between conditions in a task are frequently used to isolate neural activity for use as a dependent or independent variable. Adequate score reliability is a prerequisite for studies examining relationships between ERPs and external correlates, but there is a widely held view that difference scores are inherently unreliable and unsuitable for studies of individual differences. This view fails to consider the nuances of difference score reliability that are relevant to ERP research. In the present study, we provide formulas from classical test theory and generalizability theory for estimating the internal consistency of subtraction-based and residualized difference scores. These formulas are then applied to error-related negativity (ERN) and reward positivity (RewP) difference scores from the same sample of 117 participants. Analyses demonstrate that ERN difference scores can be reliable, which supports their use in studies of individual differences. However, RewP difference scores yielded poor reliability due to the high correlation between the constituent reward and non-reward ERPs. Findings emphasize that difference score reliability largely depends on the internal consistency of constituent scores and the correlation between those scores. Furthermore, generalizability theory estimates yielded higher internal consistency estimates for subtraction-based difference scores than classical test theory estimates did. Despite some beliefs that difference scores are inherently unreliable, ERP difference scores can show adequate reliability and be useful for isolating neural activity in studies of individual differences.

scholarly journals Binge eating disorder, anxiety, depression and body image in grade III obesity patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Isabel R Matos ◽  
Luciana S Aranha ◽  
Alessandra N Faria ◽  
Sandra R G Ferreira ◽  
Josué Bacaltchuck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Binge Eating Disorder ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Body Image Disturbances ◽  
Severely Obese ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Grade Iii

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) or Binge Eating episodes (BINGE), anxiety, depression and body image disturbances in severely obese patients seeking treatment for obesity. METHOD: We assessed 50 patients (10M and 40F) with Body Mass Index (BMI) between 40 and 81.7 Kg/m² (mean 52.2±9.2 Kg/m²) and aging from 18 to 56 years (mean 38.5±9.7). Used instruments: Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns <FONT FACE=Symbol>¾</FONT> Revised (QEWP-R) for BED or BINGE assessment, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depressive symptoms, State - Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-TRAIT and STAI-STATE) for anxiety and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) for body image assessments. RESULTS: In this population BED and BINGE frequencies were 36% and 54%, respectively. Symptoms of depression were detected in 100% while severe symptomatology was found in 84% of the cases. The frequency of anxiety as a trait was 70%, as a state, 54% and 76% of all patients reported discomfort regarding body image. The frequency of BED was higher in patients with higher anxiety scores as a personality trait (>40) but not as a state (46% vs. 13%; p<0,05). A high frequency of BINGE was found in those with higher scores (>140) in the BSQ assessment. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate a high frequency of binge eating episodes, severe depressive symptoms, anxiety and concern with body image in grade III obesity patients.

scholarly journals 35% Carbon Dioxide Reactivity In A Bulimia Nervosa Sample

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Woznica
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Distress Tolerance ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Discomfort Intolerance ◽  
State And Trait Anxiety ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Reactivity ◽  
Anxiety Depression

This study extended research on the specificity of the effects of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) challenge by examining panic reactivity in participants with bulimia nervosa (BN) (n=15) compared to those without bulimia nervosa (n=31). All participants completed self-report measures assessing state and trait anxiety, depression, anxiety sensitivity (AS), distress tolerance (DT), discomfort intolerance (DI), and eating disorder features. They subsequently breathed two vital capacity inhalations; room air and 35% CO₂-enriched air. Reactivity to room air was not different between groups. However, participants with BN displayed greater reactivity to CO₂ compared to the participants with BN. AS, DI, and DT could not be tested as potential mediators in the association between diagnostic group and reactivity because these constructs were not associated with reactivity. Eating disorder features and frequency of binges and purges were also not associated with reactivity. Detailed implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.

Meditation, Mindfulness, and Mental Health

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Mindfulness Practices ◽  
Anxiety Depression

In the last six decades, the concept of mindfulness has been widely studied, researched, and practiced in mainstream psychology, mental health, and health disciplines. Over a period of time, clinical practitioners have integrated meditation and mindfulness practices or techniques in the mainstream psychological interventions for emotional and behavioral disorders such as anxiety, depression, chronic pain, borderline personality disorder, and eating disorder. This chapter highlights the application of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in various clinical and non-clinical samples. It also covers the importance of mindfulness practices for the crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic, discusses integrating technology into mindfulness training, and presents various issues and challenges related to mindfulness practices.

99. In Eating Disorder Recovery: The Relationship Between Malnutrition and Symptoms of Anxiety/Depression in Youth With Restrictive Eating Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. S52-S53
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Lin ◽  
Sara F. Forman ◽  
Carly Milliren ◽  
Julia Vitagliano ◽  
Rebecca Spigel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Restrictive Eating ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals 35% Carbon Dioxide Reactivity In A Bulimia Nervosa Sample

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Woznica
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Distress Tolerance ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Discomfort Intolerance ◽  
State And Trait Anxiety ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Reactivity ◽  
Anxiety Depression

This study extended research on the specificity of the effects of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) challenge by examining panic reactivity in participants with bulimia nervosa (BN) (n=15) compared to those without bulimia nervosa (n=31). All participants completed self-report measures assessing state and trait anxiety, depression, anxiety sensitivity (AS), distress tolerance (DT), discomfort intolerance (DI), and eating disorder features. They subsequently breathed two vital capacity inhalations; room air and 35% CO₂-enriched air. Reactivity to room air was not different between groups. However, participants with BN displayed greater reactivity to CO₂ compared to the participants with BN. AS, DI, and DT could not be tested as potential mediators in the association between diagnostic group and reactivity because these constructs were not associated with reactivity. Eating disorder features and frequency of binges and purges were also not associated with reactivity. Detailed implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANOREXIA NERVOSA (DESIRE FOR THINNESS) AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG JUNIOR COLLEGE STUDENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (09) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Khan Zeenat Muzaffar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Junior College ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Intense Fear ◽  
Junior College Students ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Distorted Body Image

Anorexia nervosa, a type of eating disorder is commonly seen in teenagers. An intense fear of gaining weight and distorted body image compels the teenagers to go on diet, which is resulting in eating less and skipping the meal and ultimately making the teenagers more prone to stress,anxiety,depression and other mental health issues. The study was taken with an intention to find the association of anorexia and mental health. A sample of 913 adolescents from junior college were selected as sample and a standardized test was administered. The findings showed that there is a positive correlation between eating disorder and mental health among adolescents.

scholarly journals Depression, Anxiety and Eating Disorder-Related Impairment: Moderators in Female Adolescents and Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2779
Author(s):  
Johanna Sander ◽  
Markus Moessner ◽  
Stephanie Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Burden Of Illness ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptomatology ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Mood Dysregulation

Adolescents and young adults, particularly females, are highly vulnerable to the development of anxiety disorders, depression, and eating disorders. Comorbid anxiety disorder or depression in eating disorders are associated with greater symptom severity, poorer prognosis, and burden of illness. Nonetheless, studies on what affects the relationship between anxiety, depression, and eating disorders in female at-risk samples are scarce. Using hierarchical linear modeling, the present study examined potential moderators to explain between-person differences in the association between anxiety, depression, and eating disorder-related impairment within 12- to 25-year-old females (N = 320). High impairment in anxiety/depression was associated with more severe eating disorder symptoms. Older age as well as greater impairment in mood dysregulation, self-esteem, and perfectionism were linked to more severe eating disorder symptomatology. Whereas mood dysregulation, self-esteem, and perfectionism had no statistically significant moderating effects, younger age appeared to augment the association of anxiety/depression and eating disorder symptomatology. Preventive care in particular needs to consider age-related effects as eating disorder symptoms are associated more strongly with symptoms of anxiety and depression in early adolescence.

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