scholarly journals PROBLEMS AND WATER-ECOLOGICAL RISKS OF SITE DEVELOPMENT ON THE DRAINED LANDS OF AN OLD FLOODPLAIN OF THE DNIEPER RIVER

2019 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
M. I. Romashchenko ◽  
M. V. Yatsiuk ◽  
A. M. Shevchenko ◽  
S. A. Shevchuk ◽  
D. P. Savchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Peat Deposits ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Complicating Factors

Relevance of research. In recent years, in Ukraine, the development of re-cultivated drained lands takes place, in particular, in the floodplains of the rivers. In the process of construction, drainage systems designed to protect agricultural land and adjoining areas against flooding are often disrupted. In addition, peat and silt deposits may be spread in the floodplain areas, which considerably complicate the construction. The transformation of agricultural drained lands of floodplains in the built-up areas is also associated with an increased risk of flooding, contamination of surface and groundwater, and requires compliance with environmental, water and land legislation. In this regard, an important issue is the study of water and environmental problems connected to the build-up of the land of reclamation systems in floodplains of rivers. The purpose of research - to identify possible water and ecological impacts and restrictions as to the development of drained lands within an floodplain of the Dnieper River. Objectives of the research - to analyze the available information on the geomorphological, hydrological and hydrogeological conditions of the floodplain territory; to evaluate the condition of the drainage system at the perspective site development; to determine possible changes in the water regime of the floodplain area in the zone of development impact; to evaluate the soil and ameliorate conditions of the territory with regard to its possible use for development and the compliance of the planned design solutions with the requirements of land and water legislation. Research methods. Generalization and systematic analysis of the information on the natural conditions of the territory and drainage system operation, carrying out of a reconnaissance survey of the drainage system  specifying with the use of temporary well holes the peat deposit thickness, depths of groundwater, water level in reclamation canals and their current state, the implementation of field geodetic works, normative assessment of soil and ameliorative as well as engineering and geological conditions of the site as to its for development. Research results. The features of the current environmental and ameliorative situation regarding the possible obstacles to the housing complex construction and its further functioning, the likely or inevitable negative consequences of the floodplain development were determined. It was established that the existence of closed depressions in the microrelief against the background of the general low draining capacity of the floodplain territory, in case of extremely heavy rainfall, may cause the accumulation of surface runoff in the depressions and territory flooding. High  groundwater level, deterioration of draining capacity, destruction of drainage drains during the construction will lead to the proliferation and intensification of man-made flooding processes in poorly-drained areas. One of the most complicating factors in the construction of the site is the wide spread of peat deposits, peat soils, silt, which, according to the general engineering and geological classification, are “weak” soils characterized by low bearing properties and can not be recommended as a basis for the foundations of ground structures and buildings. It has been determined that the existing “Shaparnya” drainage system is in unsatisfactory technical condition, and its parameters (rather low depth of drainage canal laying and a large distance between them) make it impossible to achieve the normative depths of groundwater for built-up areas.  Conclusions. The area of ​​weakly drained floodplain of the Dnieper River can be differentiated into weakly favorable and unfavorable parts for the construction of the territory, and the main complicating factors for the construction are the spread of peat deposits and peat soils, frequent underflooding of the territory and the risk of its flooding in a case of abnormal heavy high rainfall. The proper protection of the territory of residential development against underflooding and flooding should include the reconstruction of the drainage system, artificial increase of planning ground levels and ensuring the safe functioning of the existing at the site water body.

“Community Interests” and the Role of International Law in the Creation of a Global Market for Agricultural Land

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen von Bernstorff
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Land Grab ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
The One

The chapter explores the notion of “community interests” with regard to the global “land-grab” phenomenon. Over the last decade, a dramatic increase of foreign investment in agricultural land could be observed. Bilateral investment treaties protect around 75 per cent of these large-scale land acquisitions, many of which came with associated social problems, such as displaced local populations and negative consequences for food security in Third World countries receiving these large-scale foreign investments. Hence, two potentially conflicting areas of international law are relevant in this context: Economic, social, and cultural rights and the principles of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and “food sovereignty” challenging large-scale investments on the one hand, and specific norms of international economic law stabilizing them on the other. The contribution discusses the usefulness of the concept of “community interests” in cases where the two colliding sets of norms are both considered to protect such interests.

scholarly journals Does Economic Agglomeration Lead to Efficient Rural to Urban Land Conversion? An Examination of China’s Metropolitan Area Development Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2002
Author(s):  
Ke Huang ◽  
Martin Dallimer ◽  
Lindsay C. Stringer ◽  
Anlu Zhang ◽  
Ting Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Productive Efficiency ◽  
Land Conversion ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Economic Agglomeration

Urbanization involves expansion of the amount of land covered by urban uses. Rural to urban land conversion (RULC) can satisfy demand for the additional space that growing cities require. However, there can be negative consequences, such as the loss of productive agricultural land and/or the destruction of natural habitats. Considerable interest therefore exists among policy makers and researchers regarding how the efficiency of RULC can be maximized. We used the Gini index and a data envelopment analysis to quantify the relationship between RULC and economic development for 17 metropolitan areas in China. We did this from two perspectives: (i) coordination; and (ii) efficiency. We found that economic agglomeration fosters the coordination of the amount of rural land that is allocated to be converted to urban uses. Similarly, economic agglomeration increases the efficiency of RULC in terms of the processes of socio-economic production. Through production technology innovation and readjustment in the scale of input factors, the productive efficiency of RULC can be promoted. Our findings suggest a need to strictly limit the amount of RULC, design differential land management policies according to location and development level, and adjust RULC allocation between different cities. Further, in harnessing the potential of intensive urban land use and restructuring, production factors, including land, can be enhanced through technological innovation. Research presented in this paper provides insights for areas of the world which are yet to undergo the rapid urbanization that China has experienced, but where it is projected to occur over the coming decades.

scholarly journals Modeling Past, Present, and Future Urban Growth Impacts on Primary Agricultural Land in Greater Irbid Municipality, Jordan Using SLEUTH (1972–2050)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Rana N. Jawarneh
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Area ◽  
Grand Challenge ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Urban Growth Model ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Urban expansion and loss of primarily agricultural land are two of the challenges facing Jordan. Located in the most productive agricultural area of Jordan, Greater Irbid Municipality (GIM) uncontrolled urban growth has posed a grand challenge in both sustaining its prime croplands and developing comprehensive planning strategies. This study investigated the loss of agricultural land for urban growth in GIM from 1972–2050 and denoted the negative consequences of the amalgamation process of 2001 on farmland loss. The aim is to unfold and track historical land use/cover changes and forecast these changes to the future using a modified SLEUTH-3r urban growth model. The accuracy of prediction results was assessed in three different sites between 2015 and 2020. In 43 years the built-up area increased from 29.2 km2 in 1972 to 71 km2 in 2015. By 2050, the built-up urban area would increase to 107 km2. The overall rate of increase, however, showed a decline across the study period, with the periods of 1990–2000 and 2000–2015 having the highest rate of built-up areas expansion at 68.6 and 41.4%, respectively. While the agricultural area increased from 178 km2 in 1972 to 207 km2 in 2000, it decreased to 195 km2 in 2015 and would continue to decrease to 188 km2 by 2050. The district-level analysis shows that from 2000–2015, the majority of districts exhibited an urban increase at twice the rate of 1990–2000. The results of the net change analysis of agriculture show that between 1990 and 2000, 9 districts exhibited a positive gain in agricultural land while the rest of the districts showed a negative loss of agricultural land. From 2000 to 2015, the four districts of Naser, Nozha, Rawdah, and Hashmyah completely lost their agricultural areas for urbanization. By 2050, Idoon and Boshra districts will likely lose more than half of their high-quality agricultural land. This study seeks to utilize a spatially explicit urban growth model to support sustainable planning policies for urban land use through forecasting. The implications from this study confirm the worldwide urbanization impacts on losing the most productive agricultural land in the outskirts and consequences on food production and food security. The study calls for urgent actions to adopt a compact growth policy with no new land added for development as what is available now exceeds what is needed by 2050 to accommodate urban growth in GIM.

Discriminatory Aspects of Pre-employment Screening: Low-Back X-ray Examinations in the Railroad Industry

1979 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-214
Author(s):  
Paul H. Rockey ◽  
Jane Fantel ◽  
Gilbert S. Omenn
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Job Applicants ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractIn screening the majority of job applicants, most of this nation's railroads administer a low-back X-ray examination in an attempt to ascertain the likelihood that the applicant will sustain future work-related low-back pain or injury. Many applicants are rejected for employment on the basis of the X-ray findings. The railroads apparently perceive this screening program as a cost-effective means (1) of decreasing the incidence of compensation claims for work-related injuries, brought against the rail-roads under the Federal Employers' Liability Act (FELA), (2) of reducing the number of lost workdays resulting from low-back pain or injury, and (3) of protecting particularly susceptible workers from job-related hazards.The authors of this Article submit that low-back X-ray examinations are poor predictors of future low-back pain or injury. They assert that the railroads' use of such examinations misclassifies a substantial number of job applicants as being at increased risk for such pain or injury, and, in consequence, unfairly denies them employment. Furthermore, the authors claim, the screening program has other negative consequences. For example, applicants rejected for railroad employment on the basis of X-ray findings may as a result have difficulty finding jobs in other industries. In addition, they state, there is a potential radiation hazard to examinees. Moreover, both the railroads and those applicants accepted for employment may inappropriately be reassured by normal findings.On balance, the authors conclude, the screening program has a negative social value. The authors suggest that the program, in effect, erroneously labels many applicants as handicapped, and then denies them employment. Such persons might have legal recourse under federal and state statutes prohibiting employment discrimination against the handicapped.

Minimization of Negative Impact of Well Cementing on Productive Horizons by Utilization of Swellable Packers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mykhaylo Paduchak ◽  
Viktor Dudzych ◽  
Anatolii Boiko
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Donets Basin ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Well Completion ◽  
Stable Production ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Gas Tight

Abstract Avoiding of negative impact of slurry contact with productive sections by utilization of swellable pakers well completion systems as a key solution for depleted reservoirs. Results are compared to previously used classic well completion method with production casing cementing The new method of the well completion is based on a long period and many wells operations within Svyrydivske field in Dnipro-Donets Basin (here and after DDB). Precise selection of hybrid, oil and water based elastomers and correct placement in the appropriate hole zones for water and sectional isolation together with oil based mud utilization during drilling have provided stable production in depleted reservoirs and have minimized negative consequences from water filtration. The results achieved and the well completion method are described in detail to allow readers to replicate all results in a comparable geological conditions in DDB. Current well completion method has a couple of outstanding results achieved: –well integrity barrier is based on sufficient differential pressure provided by swellable packers;–reliable long term water isolation of all detected water contained intervals;–the production sections are not polluted by slurry filtrated water;–increased production rate comparing to cemented wells;–no risks of slurry loss during well cementing. This technology has been successfully implemented in both vertical and deviated wells on 4.5″ (114.3 mm) casing OD, in the interval 5100-5450 meters, bottom hole temperature 120-135°C. The differential pressure provided by swellable packer is up to 10,000 PSI (68.9 MPa). Fluid reactive packers are ready to expand and isolate highly cavernous hole sections and keep differential pressure sustainably. To achieve the best results with this well completion method, it is also important to use reliable gas tight casing connections and know precise reservoir characteristics. That is why the technology is recommended to be customized for well known brownfield reservoirs with high rate of depletion. The main benefit of the well completion method is a proved and safe technical solution for mainly depleted deep gas and condensate deposits in DDB (Ukraine) with sensitive economics

Abstract P305: Post-Stroke Aphasia as a Predictor of 30-Day Readmission Associated With Infection: A Retrospective Chart Review

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma M Loebel ◽  
Mary Rojas ◽  
Connor Mensching ◽  
Danielle Wheelwright ◽  
Laura K Stein
Keyword(s):  
Chart Review ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Mount Sinai Hospital ◽  
Index Admission ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Medical Comorbidities ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Adjusted Model ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Studies have demonstrated that aphasia may negatively impact morbidity and mortality among ischemic stroke (IS) patients. However, the association between post-stroke aphasia and readmission with infection (RI) is poorly understood. We sought to assess the impact of aphasia on post-stroke RI. We hypothesized that aphasic patients are at increased risk of infection in the 30-day post-stroke period. Methods: We performed retrospective chart review of the Mount Sinai Hospital IS patients with 30-day all cause readmission from January 2016 - December 2019. All variables were abstracted from the index admission (IA) electronic medical records except for aspects related to the readmission (RA). Aphasia was present if a neurologist diagnosed the patient with acquired language dysfunction during IA. We performed chi square and logistic regression analyses to compare readmitted patients with and without aphasia at IA. Our fully adjusted model controlled for age, sex, medical comorbidities, NIHSS ≥ 8, IA LOS > 7, IA infection, discharge to facility. We completed all analyses with SPSS. Results: During IA, 36% (n=42) were diagnosed with aphasia. At IA, there were no significant differences in age (dichotomized at 65), sex, or medical comorbidities between aphasic and non-aphasic cohorts. However, more aphasic patients had admission NIHSS ≥ 8 (89% vs 35%, p<0.0001), LOS > 7 (76% vs 42%, p=0.0004), discharge to facility (79% vs 49%, p=0.0016), and RI (52% vs 19%, p=0.002). The presence of aphasia predicted RI in both unadjusted (OR=4.6, p<0.001) and adjusted (OR= 3.3, p=0.014) multivariate analyses. The Kappa inter-reliability ranged from 0.7-1.0 for the key variables included in our adjusted model. Conclusions: The adjusted odds of 30-day readmission with infection were significantly greater in those with diagnosis of aphasia at the time of index admission compared to those without. Our study provides preliminary evidence that the presence of aphasia may have negative consequences on a patient’s health beyond the language disturbance. Further study is needed to better understand the reasons and risk reduction strategies in this vulnerable population.

scholarly journals State of origin: Australian states use widely different resources for hospital management of hip fracture, but achieve similar outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony W. Ireland ◽  
Patrick J. Kelly ◽  
Robert G. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Hospital Management ◽  
Residential Aged Care ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hospital Resources ◽  
Hospital Utilisation

Objective Hospital management of hip fracture varies widely with regard to length of stay, delivery of post-surgical care and costs. The present study compares the association between hospital utilisation and costs and patient outcomes in the six Australian states. Methods The present study was a retrospective cohort study of linked administrative databases for 2530 Australian veterans and war widows aged ≥65 years, hospitalised for hip fracture in 2008–09. Department of Veterans’ Affairs datasets for hospital episodes, residential aged care admissions and date of death were linked. Patient characteristics, hospital utilisation and process data, rates of mortality and residential care placement and delivery of community services were compared for patients from each of the states. Results There were no significant differences in fracture incidence, patient demographics or fracture type among the states. Adjusted total mean length of hospital stay ranged from 24.7 days (95% confidence interval (CI) 22.3–27.5 days) to 35.0 days (95% CI 32.6–37.6 days; P < 0.001) and adjusted total hospital cost ranged between A$24 792 (95% CI A$22 191–A$27 700) and A$35 494 (95% CI A$32 853–A$38 343; P < 0.001). Rates of referral to rehabilitation ranged from 31.7% to 50.4% (P = 0.003). At 1 year, there were no significant differences between states for key outcome determinants of mortality (P = 0.71) or for the proportion of patients who retained their independent living status (P = 0.66). Conclusion Hospital resources for management of hip fracture differ substantially among the Australian states. Key medium-term patient outcomes do not show significant differences. A potential for substantial cost-efficiencies without increased risk to patient welfare is suggested. What is known about this topic? Hospital resources deployed in the initial management of hip fracture differ widely between countries, regions and individual hospitals. Patient outcomes also vary widely, but are inconsistently associated with resource outlays. What does this paper add? The paper describes the different resource outlays for management of hip fracture in six Australian jurisdictions and the absence of equivalent differences in medium-term patient outcomes. What are the implications for practitioners? Efficiencies in hospital management of hip fracture may be achievable without negative consequences for patients. The elements of models of care should be examined for their contribution to early and later patient outcomes.

scholarly journals Hunting for Information in Streamflow Signatures to Improve Modelled Drainage

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Raphael Schneider ◽  
Simon Stisen ◽  
Anker Lajer Højberg
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Drainage Patterns ◽  
Drain Flow ◽  
Set Up

About half of the Danish agricultural land is drained artificially. Those drains, mostly in the form of tile drains, have a significant effect on the hydrological cycle. Consequently, the drainage system must also be represented in hydrological models that are used to simulate, for example, the transport and retention of chemicals. However, representation of drainage in large-scale hydrological models is challenging due to scale issues, lacking data on the distribution of drain infrastructure, and lacking drain flow observations. This calls for more indirect methods to inform such models. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that drain flow leaves a signal in streamflow signatures, as it represents a distinct streamflow generation process. Streamflow signatures are indices characterizing hydrological behaviour based on the hydrograph. Using machine learning regressors, we show that there is a correlation between signatures of simulated streamflow and simulated drain fraction. Based on these insights, signatures relevant to drain flow are incorporated in hydrological model calibration. A distributed coupled groundwater–surface water model of the Norsminde catchment, Denmark (145 km2) is set up. Calibration scenarios are defined with different objective functions; either using conventional stream flow metrics only, or a combination with hydrological signatures. We then evaluate the results from the different scenarios in terms of how well the models reproduce observed drain flow and spatial drainage patterns. Overall, the simulation of drain in the models is satisfactory. However, it remains challenging to find a direct link between signatures and an improvement in representation of drainage. This is likely attributable to model structural issues and lacking flexibility in model parameterization.

scholarly journals The impact of agriculture drainage reconstruction on ground water recession close to the subgrade

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilimantas Vaičiukynas ◽  
Saulius Vaikasas ◽  
Henrikas Sivilevičius ◽  
Audrius Grinys
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Hydraulic Permeability ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Permeability Characteristics ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Good Drainage ◽  
Important Design ◽  
Local Road

Good drainage is the most important design consideration for a road, both to miniaturize road maintenance costs and maximize the time the road is operational. The lack of good drainage lead to the structural damages and costly repairs. Many of roads are built in intensively drained agricultural land. The effective way to drain subgrades is reconstruction of existing agricultural drainage. The impact of cross-subsurface drainage system on water level fluctuation was measured using Plane geofiltration mathematical model, one of 3D geofiltration modelling programs. The hydraulic permeability characteristics were determined in field of Pikeliai, close to local road in Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. This object is composed of clay and loamy soils. Subsurface cross drains trenches spacing of 20 m, 30 m and 40 m were simulated. The hydraulic permeability of cross drain trenches and lateral trenches modelled was from 0.006 m/a day to 6 m/a day. The simulation of cross drains trenches showed that the most effective distance between them are 20 m. The highest water depression occurs when the permeability of cross drain trenches and lateral trenches is ~ 6 m/day, at the distance of 20 m. The water recession is 20 cm lower compared to the drainage systems without cross drains trenches. By installing cross drains trenches every 30 m, water recession is 10 cm lower when the trench permeability is about 6 m/day. When increasing the distance between the cross drains up to 40 m their influence disappears.

Hydrological and gas regime of swamps in the conditions of forest reclamation

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (6) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Lidiya Inisheva ◽  
Leh Shaydak ◽  
Boris Babikov
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Southern Taiga ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Peat Deposits ◽  
Forest Reclamation

The effective of forest reclamation in oligotrophic and eutrophic swamps in the southern taiga and forest-steppe zones of Western Siberia are described. The state of the hydrological and gas regime of peat deposits is analyzed. It is concluded that forest reclamation 60 years ago on oligotrophic and eutrophic swamps has little effect on the hydrological and gas regime of the reclaimed territory at this moment. These regimes are approaching to their natural state, which indicates that the area is re-waterlogged in the absence of operation of the drainage system.

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