Mainstreaming and Labelling: An Assumption Challenged?

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narelle McDonald ◽  
Alan Hayes

ABSTRACTA key assumption of the mainstreaming movement is that exposure of young children to their disabled peers provides opportunities for the formation of accurate views of the characteristics and attributes of children with disabilities. Essentially, it is argued that experience enables children to transcend labelling, stereotyping and stigmatization. Prospective data are reported on the mainstreaming of two preschool aged children with spina bifida, based on the content analysis of records of speech, collected over a school year, on 22% of the times when children had opportunities to interact socially. The data indicate that the children seemed to generate their own labels, disability terms and developmental mythologies, which endured across the year. The study highlights the limited attention that has been paid to the collection of data on the social-cognitive processes of children and their disabled peers in mainstreamed settings and emphasizes the scant consideration of evidence from psychology in the mainstreaming debate.

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1410-1429
Author(s):  
Claire Wilson ◽  
Tommy van Steen ◽  
Christabel Akinyode ◽  
Zara P. Brodie ◽  
Graham G. Scott

Technology has given rise to online behaviors such as sexting. It is important that we examine predictors of such behavior in order to understand who is more likely to sext and thus inform intervention aimed at sexting awareness. We used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to examine sexting beliefs and behavior. Participants (n = 418; 70.3% women) completed questionnaires assessing attitudes (instrumental and affective), subjective norms (injunctive and descriptive), control perceptions (self-efficacy and controllability) and intentions toward sexting. Specific sexting beliefs (fun/carefree beliefs, perceived risks and relational expectations) were also measured and sexting behavior reported. Relationship status, instrumental attitude, injunctive norm, descriptive norm and self-efficacy were associated with sexting intentions. Relationship status, intentions and self-efficacy related to sexting behavior. Results provide insight into the social-cognitive factors related to individuals’ sexting behavior and bring us closer to understanding what beliefs predict the behavior.


Author(s):  
James S. Uleman ◽  
S. Adil Saribay

“Initial impressions” bring together personality and social psychology like no other field of study—“personality” because (1) impressions are about personalities, and (2) perceivers’ personalities affect these impressions; and “social” because (3) social cognitive processes of impression formation, and (4) sociocultural contexts have major effects on impressions. To make these points, we first review how people explicitly describe others: the terms we use, how these descriptions reveal our theories about others, the important roles of traits and types (including stereotypes) in these descriptions, and other prominent frameworks (e.g., narratives and social roles). Then we highlight recent research on the social cognitive processes underlying these descriptions: automatic and controlled attention, the many effects of primes (semantic and affective) and their dependence on contexts, the acquisition of valence, spontaneous inferences about others, and the interplay of automatic and control processes. Third, we examine how accurate initial impressions are, and what accuracy means, as well as deception and motivated biases and distortions. Fourth, we review recent research on effects of target features, perceiver features, and relations between targets and perceivers. Finally, we look at frameworks for understanding explanations, as distinct from descriptions: attribution theory, theory of mind, and simulation theory.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-68
Author(s):  
Andi Adri Arief ◽  
Harnita Agusanty ◽  
Muhammad Dalvi Mustafa ◽  
Kasri Kasri

Nelayan tradisional di pulau kecil memandang dirinya bersama alam fisik dan alam metafisik berada dalam satu sistem kehidupan antara mikro kosmos dan makro kosmos yang harus selaras.  Oleh karena itu, pengetahuan yang mereka miliki serta ritual yang mereka lakukan berkaitan erat dengan mitos, kultus, ritus, magis, dan pamali sebagai pedoman yang dipergunakan dalam menjalankan aktivitas kehidupannya sehari-hari.  Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis kepercayaan dan pamali nelayan pulau-pulau kecil sebagai tata kelakuan yang dipengaruhi oleh unsur budaya lokal dan berpenetrasi ke dalam sistem sosial masyarakat. Jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus.  Pengumpulan data melalui pengamatan langsung, dan wawancara mendalam melalui teknik snowball dengan prinsip triangulasi. Analisis data melalui content analysis. Selama penelitian berlangsung, ditemukan 30 informan sebagai sumber data primer, yaitu tokoh nelayan, tokoh adat, punggawa, sawi. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa praktek ritual yang berasosiasi dengan kepercayaan serta ungkapan-ungkapan berupa pamali pada komunitas nelayan Pulau Kambuno merupakan tata kelakuan yang menjadi aturan-aturan ide, gagasan, serta nilai-nilai yang terikat dalam suatu kesatuan budaya, yaitu (1) pola bersikap yang mendapat isi dari pengarahan dari nilai-nilai budaya, (2) pola bertindak dalam kegiatan komunitas nelayan, dan (3) pola sarana benda-benda (fisik).  Tiga wujud budaya tersebut merupakan jiwa, organisasi dan teknologi sebagai tata tertib yang dijaga eksistensinya dalam keselarasan antara mikro kosmos dengan makro kosmos yang sekaligus mempersatukan segenap komunitas nelayan.  Pola kebudayaan yang diadaptasi nelayan Pulau Kambuno merupakan praktek tradisi yang terwarisi dari generasi ke generasi berikutnya sambil melakukan penyesuain-penyesuaian seiring dengan perkembangan zaman.     Traditional fishermen in small island look at themselves with the physical and metaphysical realms as being in a single system of life between the micro cosmos and macro cosmos which must be in harmony. Therefore, the knowledge they have and the rituals they perform are closely related to myths, cults, rites, magic, pamali as guidelines used in carrying out their daily activities. The research objective was belief analyze and pamali fishermen of small island as behavior that is influenced by local culture elements and penetrate into the social system of society. This type of research is qualitative with a case study approach. Collecting data through direct observation, in-depth interviews using snowball techniques with the principle of triangulation. Data analysis through content analysis. During the research, 30 informants were found as primary data sources, including fishermen leader , traditional leaders, punggawa, sawi.  The results of the study found that ritual practices associated with beliefs and expressions in the form of pamali in the fisherman community of Kambuno Island are behaviors that become rules of ideas, ideas and values ​​that are bound in a cultural unity which includes, namely: (1 ) attitude patterns that get the contents of the direction cultural values, (2) patterns of action in fisherman community activities, and (3) patterns of means (physical) objects. Three forms of culture are the soul, organization and technology as an order which is maintained in harmony between the micro cosmos and macro cosmos which simultaneously unites all fisherman community. Adapted cultural pattern by the fishermen of Kambuno Island is a traditional practice which inherited  from generation to next generation while making adjustments along with the times.


1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 229-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tomasello

My approach to reference focuses on naturally occuring processes of communication, and in particular on children's earliest referential activities. I begin by describing three different kinds of child gesture — ritualizations, deictics, and symbolic gestures — and then proceed to examine young children's early word learning. The account focuses on the joint attentional situations in which young children learn their earliest gestures and linguistic symbols and on the social-cognitive and cultural learning processes involved in the different cases.


Author(s):  
Ansar Abbas ◽  
Muhammad Saud ◽  
Dian Ekowati ◽  
Fendy Suhariadi

This chapter aims to review the current debate on and investigate individual behavior and confidence in leaders and organizations. This is done through content analysis on recent studies on leadership, social psychology, and the characteristics of individuals, society, and organizations. This study proposes a model to discuss cognitive, human involvement, personality traits, and social fabrics. The current debate's significant contributions alert organizations and individuals (leaders) about human development and social transmission in social change. Some primary challenges have been discussed, such as employees' perception of the organization, managerial styles, socio-psychological and cognitive development. The chapter argues that the social cognitive theory's lens can enrich individuals, society, and organizations to reach future research suggestions.


1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly G. Shaver ◽  
Linda R. Scott

Psychology can be distinguished from other behavioral sciences by its emphasis on the behavior of the individual person. Behavior, in turn, is influenced by the way in which the external world is represented in the mind, and by the individual's exercise of choice. The article examines the possibility that relatively enduring attributes of the person might affect entrepreneurial activity, describes the social cognitive processes Involved in constructing representations of the external environment, and suggests which motivational variables affect behavioral choices. Although past research on “the psychology of the entrepreneur” has not been productive, a psychological approach based on persons, process, and choice holds promise for the future.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalil Rasgado-Toledo ◽  
Fernando Lizcano-Cortés ◽  
Víctor Enrique Olalde-Mathieu ◽  
Giovanna Licea Haquet ◽  
Miguel Angel Zamora-Ursulo ◽  
...  

Pragmatics studies the social-cognitive basis of communication that is crucial to the understanding of the non-literal meaning of an expression and includes speech acts, metaphors, proverbs, idioms, and irony. This topic has been the main line research in our laboratory, whose principal objective is to understand how we use pragmatic language, non-literal communication. For this, we have designed behavioral paradigms that evaluate the sub-processes of pragmatic using neuroimaging techniques, i.e. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and psychometric tests from a behavioral approach.


2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa Tosi ◽  
Susanna Bianchini

A distinctive model of ego states is presented according to the social-cognitive TA approach which draws from contemporary research on social-cognitive processes and schemas. This model of ego states represents a significant development of Berne's original ego state theory, useful both clinically and in research. This presentation highlights both the continuity and the departure from Berne's model of ego states, explaining how the social-cognitive model of ego states allows us to implement research work.


2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifang Wang ◽  
Yanjie Su

Two experiments were conducted to compare the false belief understanding of children who have no siblings, but have classmates of different ages in kindergarten. In Experiment 1, 4- and 5-year-olds completed two unexpected location tasks. We found that 4-year-olds with classmates of different ages performed significantly better than those with classmates of the same age. This result was replicated in a larger sample in Experiment 2 in which the children were asked to complete an unexpected location task and an unexpected content task. The findings suggested that the presence of minds with varied ages stimulates the social cognitive understanding of young children, particularly for 4-year-olds. The findings of the present study give a particularly clear view of the effect of classmates of different ages on young children's theory of mind development, extending findings in other research on the advantage of having siblings.


2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Leffert ◽  
Gary N. Siperstein ◽  
Emily Millikan

We examined two social-cognitive processes, social perception (the encoding and interpretation of social cues) and the generation of social strategies, in 117 children with and without mental retardation (MR) in Grades 1 through 5. Children responded to videotaped vignettes of social conflicts. Children with MR had difficulty recognizing benign intention social cues that accompanied a negative event. When benign intention social cues were present in social conflicts involving peer entry, children with MR resembled younger children without MR in misinterpreting the other child's intentions as “being mean.” Children with MR had difficulty varying their social strategies to fit the social conflict and often suggested the strategy of using an appeal to authority. Results suggest that children with MR have difficulty focusing simultaneously on multiple social cues which are incongruent and in selecting appropriate social strategies. Recommendations focus on instructional strategies for improving social perception and strategy generation skills in children with MR.


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