Principles of local realism in a Friedmann universe
The problem of time is a statement of the inability to establish the standard model according to a consistent physical framework based on a valid starting point provided from either the concept of time in quantum mechanics (QM) or general relativity (GR). Using the deterministic local realism approach of Bell’s inequality experiment, a valid mathematical starting point incorporating both QM and GR can be established using the concept of energy conservation within a volume of spacetime. Because Friedmann established a system that correlates the energy level within the volume of spacetime with the proximity between energy mass, with two opposing universal forces that must act on the reconfiguration of particles when considering a realism-based definite position as they evolve in time independent of observation, it is possible to consider QM time evolution as a form of deterministic thermodynamic work. Considering this volume of spacetime in terms of the local realism interpretation allows one to consider the act of time evolution as a reconfiguration that occurs along with the expansion of volume which allows one to establish an energy conservation argument using only the particles that exist within the volume of spacetime to account for both the gravitational energy and the divergent energy usually attributed to the cosmological constant. With this argument time evolution must cost system energy. For energy to be conserved the use of system energy must be for the act of gravitation as a particle evolves in time. The definition of local realism allows Minkowski spacetime diagrams to pertain to the unseen intervals between measurements. This allows a center frame observer to serve as a background clock to measure time rates in correlation to scale factor expansion. This allows one to consider time rates in terms of work that must occur over an interval of a background clock. In the case of local realism, Minkowski mathematics allow a direct correlation between QM time evolution and the second Friedmann equation.