scholarly journals Eye image effect in the context of pedestrian safety: a French questionnaire study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric Sueur ◽  
Anthony Piermattéo ◽  
Marie Pelé
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Audience Effect ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors

Introduction: Human behavior is therefore influenced by the presence of others, which scientists also call ‘the audience effect’. The use of social control to produce more cooperative behaviors may positively influence road use and safety. This study uses an online questionnaire to test how eyes images affect the behavior of pedestrians when crossing a road. Material and methods: Different eyes images of men, women and a child with different facial expressions -neutral, friendly and angry- were presented to participants who were asked what they would feel by looking at these images before crossing a signalized road. Participants completed a questionnaire of 20 questions about pedestrian behaviors (PBQ). The questionnaire was received by 1,447 French participants, 610 of whom answered the entire questionnaire. 71% of participants were women, and the mean age was 35±14 years. Results: Eye images give individuals the feeling they are being observed at 33%, feared at 5% and surprised at 26%, and thus seem to indicate mixed results about avoiding crossing at the red light. The expressions shown in the eyes are also an important factor: feelings of being observed increased by about 10-15% whilst feelings of being scared or inhibited increased by about 5% as the expression changed from neutral to friendly to angry. No link was found between the results of our questionnaire and those of the Pedestrian Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ).Conclusion: This study shows that the use of eye images could reduce illegal crossings by pedestrians, and is thus of key interest as a practical road safety tool. However, the effect is limited and how to increase this nudge effect needs further consideration.

scholarly journals Personality and Behavioral Predictors of Cyclist Involvement in Crash-Related Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 4881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yubing Zheng ◽  
Yang Ma ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Jianchuan Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Road Crashes ◽  
Crash Rates ◽  
Model Combining

In recent years, the increasing rate of road crashes involving cyclists with a disproportionate overrepresentation in injury statistics has become a major concern in road safety and public health. However, much remains unknown about factors contributing to cyclists’ high crash rates, especially those related to personal characteristics. This study aims to explore the influence of cyclist personality traits and cycling behaviors on their road safety outcomes using a mediated model combining these constructs. A total of 628 cyclists completed an online questionnaire consisting of questions related to cycling anger, impulsiveness, normlessness, sensation seeking, risky cycling behaviors, and involvement in crash-related conditions in the past year. After the psychometric properties of the employed scales were examined, the relationships among the tested constructs were investigated using structural equation modeling. The results showed that cyclists’ crash risks were directly predicted by risky cycling behaviors and cycling anger, and the effects of cycling anger, impulsiveness, as well as normlessness on crash risks, were mediated by cycling behaviors. The current findings provide insight into the importance of personality traits in impacting cycling safety and could facilitate the development of evidence-based prevention and promotion strategies targeting cyclists in China.

scholarly journals Implicit gender-career bias in postgraduate medical training still exists, mainly in residents and in females

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Kramer ◽  
Ide C. Heyligers ◽  
Karen D. Könings
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Surgical Specialty ◽  
Postgraduate Medical Training ◽  
Career Ambition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Attending Physicians

Abstract Background More and more female residents enter postgraduate medical training (PGMT). Meanwhile, women are still underrepresented in academic medicine, in leadership positions and in most surgical specialties. This suggests that female residents’ career development may still be negatively impacted by subtle, often unconscious stereotype associations regarding gender and career-ambition, called implicit gender-career bias. This study explored the existence and strength of implicit gender-career bias in doctors who currently work in PGMT, i.e. in attending physicians who act as clinical trainers and in their residents. Methods We tested implicit gender-career bias in doctors working in PGMT by means of an online questionnaire and an online Implicit Association Test (IAT). We used standard IAT analysis to calculate participants’ IAT D scores, which indicate the direction and strength of bias. Linear regression analyses were used to test whether the strength of bias was related to gender, position (resident or clinical trainer) or specialty (non-surgical or surgical specialty). Results The mean IAT D score among 403 participants significantly differed from zero (D-score = 0.36 (SD = 0.39), indicating bias associating male with career and female with family. Stronger gender-career bias was found in women (βfemale =0 .11; CI 0.02; 0.19; p = 0.01) and in residents (βresident 0.12; CI 0.01; 0.23; p = 0.03). Conclusions This study may provide a solid basis for explicitly addressing implicit gender-career bias in PGMT. The general understanding in the medical field is that gender bias is strongest among male doctors’ in male-dominated surgical specialties. Contrary to this view, this study demonstrated that the strongest bias is held by females themselves and by residents, independently of their specialty. Apparently, the influx of female doctors in the medical field has not yet reduced implicit gender-career bias in the next generation of doctors, i.e. in today’s residents, and in females.

scholarly journals Emotional Bonding and Sexual Activity During COVID-19 Lockdown: A Cross-National Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 263183182110274
Author(s):  
Deblina Roy ◽  
Sujita Kumar Kar ◽  
SM Yasir Arafat ◽  
Pawan Sharma ◽  
Russell Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Emotional Bonding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Participants

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures have affected the sexuality and emotional bonding among the couple across the world. Objectives: We aimed to assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on the married people’s emotional bonding and sexual relationships in 3 south Asian counties (Bangladesh, India, and Nepal). Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among Bangladesh, India, and Nepal residents from April 3 to April 15, 2020. The survey was designed in English. The participants were selected through convenience sampling technique, the link of the online questionnaire was shared with the participants. Only participants older than 18 years and above, married, and living with their spouses were included in the study. Results: A total number of 120 respondents were included finally for analysis from the participating countries (India, Nepal, and Bangladesh). The mean age of the participants was 35.42 (±5.73) years; the majority were males under the age of 40 years and had completed postgraduation as their qualification. Among the study participants, more than half (53.8%) of the women reported being sexually active during the lockdown, whereas 41% of the men reported being sexually active. Among the sexually active participants, most women (57.7%) reported that they perceived positive emotional bonding with their partners. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference observed when compared with men. There are variations in responses. However, no significant association was identified. Conclusion: There are a few insights from the study, that is, there was no significant difference found in almost 3 countries in emotional intimacy. There had been a trend that there is improved emotional bonding with their partners, although no significant difference was observed.

Description of the Characteristics of Public’s Knowledge and Perceptions About the Covid-19 Pandemic in the New Normal Era

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-47
Author(s):  
Pariyana Yana ◽  
Mariatul Fadillah ◽  
Zulkarnain ◽  
Apriyani Supia Dewi ◽  
Rani Anggarini
Keyword(s):  
College Graduates ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Positive Perception ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Government

Covid-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeCoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020.Various stepshave been taken to control the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic that is currentlyhappening in Indonesia. Despite all the efforts of the government and media to educatethe public, the increase in the number of daily cases in Indonesia has not shown adecline. This encourages researchers to assess the level of public knowledge andperceptions because factors have an influence on individual health behavior that cancontribute to pandemic control efforts. This research uses study method observationaldescriptive. The population in this study were 343 people who filled out a researchquestionnaire conducted by the IKM-IKK FK Unsri department. For 251 respondents whofilled out the online questionnaire completely, the mean age was 23.78 ± 7.46, 63.7%female, 63.7% college graduates, 77.7% Muslim, and the majority of occupations arecollege students and students (54.6%). In the assessment of knowledge, 137 people(35.7%) had a good level of knowledge with a mean valueknowledge 13.25 ± 3.2. Themajority of respondents have a good perception, namely 249 people (99.2%) with morethan half showing a positive perception of the risk of infection if not taking precautions,the importance of wearing masks and physical distancing, hand washing behavior, self-isolation, and consumption of nutritious food during the Covid-19 pandemic..

scholarly journals Free Will in Human Behavior and Physics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Dinev Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Classical Physics ◽  
Quantum Bit ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One

If the concept of “free will” is reduced to that of “choice” all physical world share the latter quality. Anyway the “free will” can be distinguished from the “choice”: The “free will” involves implicitly a certain goal, and the choice is only the mean, by which the aim can be achieved or not by the one who determines the target. Thus, for example, an electron has always a choice but not free will unlike a human possessing both. Consequently, and paradoxically, the determinism of classical physics is more subjective and more anthropomorphic than the indeterminism of quantum mechanics for the former presupposes certain deterministic goal implicitly following the model of human freewill behavior. Quantum mechanics introduces the choice in the fundament of physical world involving a generalized case of choice, which can be called “subjectless”: There is certain choice, which originates from the transition of the future into the past. Thus that kind of choice is shared of all existing and does not need any subject: It can be considered as a low of nature. There are a few theorems in quantum mechanics directly relevant to the topic: two of them are called “free will theorems” by their authors (Conway and Kochen 2006; 2009). Any quantum system either a human or an electron or whatever else has always a choice: Its behavior is not predetermined by its past. This is a physical law. It implies that a form of information, the quantum information underlies all existing for the unit of the quantity of information is an elementary choice: either a bit or a quantum bit (qubit).

scholarly journals Brief Version of Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Falcão Mendes ◽  
Caio Eduardo Gonçalves Reis ◽  
Eduardo Yoshio Nakano ◽  
Renata Puppin Zandonadi
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Modeling ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Full Version ◽  
Filling Time ◽  
Excellent Internal Consistency ◽  
The Mean

The use of extensive questionnaires has the limitation of filling time bias, related to the ability to focus and accurately respond to many items, justifying the necessity for a brief version. This study aimed to build a brief version of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (B-CaffEQ-BR) composed of 21 items divided into seven factors, with as adequate consistency and reproducibility as the full version. Quantitative procedures using statistical modeling were applied using the CaffEQ-BR (full version) database keeping the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) (based on the full version) <0.5 and Cronbach's α and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) ≥0.7. The expert panel (n = 3), in a blind design, evaluated the semantic structuring within the options indicated by previous statistical modeling until the agreement of the expert panel. The participants (n = 62), Brazilian adults who were regular caffeine consumers (175.8 ± 94.4 mg/day), of whom 62.9% were women, 33.1 ± 9.7 years, 24.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2, and 62.9% of whom self-identified as white, were asked to respond twice to the online questionnaire in 48–72 h. The first sample (n = 40) tested interobserver reproducibility with the double application of B-CaffEQ-BR. Another sample (n = 22) answered the CaffEQ-BR (full version) and B-CaffEQ-BR, and the last sample (n = 18) performed the reverse process. The B-CaffEQ-BR presented excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α ≥ 0.729) and overall reproducibility (ICC ≥ 0.915) for the entire questionnaire and its seven factors. The B-CaffEQ-BR can be a valuable tool in caffeine research with the Brazilian adult population.

Cultural transmission and social control of human behavior

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laureano Castro ◽  
Luis Castro-Nogueira ◽  
Miguel A. Castro-Nogueira ◽  
Miguel A. Toro
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Cultural Transmission

Inspection of the lightning condition at pedestrians crossings

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Adrianna Wocial ◽  
Piotr Tomczuk ◽  
Anna Wytrykowska ◽  
Marcin Chrzanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Lighting Condition ◽  
Subjective Assessments ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Solar Lighting ◽  
Lighting Intensity ◽  
Road Safety Audits

The article relates to the problem of numerous accidents on pedestrian crossings on Polish roads, caused mainly by incorrect lighting. Adduced statistics show that a significant number of accidents involving pedestrians occur at pedestrian crossings, which mostly happen during the winter months and hours, which lack solar lighting. These factors show how vital for pedestrian safety is proper lighting. Disturbing statistics have contributed to taking the preventive steps by conducting road safety audits and lighting condition as-sessment in Warsaw in 2016. The article describes the procedure of safety audits carried out in the form of local visions by the use of specialized measurement tools at selected pe-destrian crossings and factors that should be considered when assessing the lighting status of pedestrian crossings. The results of measurements of vertical lighting intensity at pedes-trian crossings, measured for two directions of vehicle traffic, were analyzed. The state of illumination of pedestrian crossings was classified based on the subjective, objective, and final assessment introduced. Comments and recommendations regarding the improvement of the lighting condition at pedestrian crossings were summarized. The conclusions of the final report on the lighting of pedestrian crossings in Warsaw districts were presented, based on which classified the risk factors. After analyzing the obtained measurement re-sults and subjective assessments of auditors, corrective actions were proposed to improve the safety of people at pedestrian crossings.

Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) germination and emergence as affected by environmental factors and seeding depth

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Marcos J. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Temperature Solution ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effect Of Light

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of light, temperature, solution pH, solution osmotic potential, and oxygen concentration on sicklepod germination and radicle plus hypocotyl elongation and seeding depth on emergence. Scarified, nondormant sicklepod seeds were used for these experiments. Sicklepod germination was not influenced by red or far-red light nor was light required for germination, which averaged 81% over all light treatments. Sicklepod germinated over a range of constant temperatures from 15 to 50 C, with optimum germination between 15 and 30 C. Germination was optimal near pH 6 for temperatures of 15 and 30 C. Germination and radicle plus hypocotyl length decreased with decreasing solution osmotic potential, and no germination occurred at a solution osmotic potential of −0.75 MPa at 15 C during 7 d incubation. Germination was greater at 20% oxygen than at 2% oxygen. The mean emergence depth for sicklepod was 3.3 and 4.6 cm in a highly disturbed sand and sandy loam soil, respectively. Sicklepod emerged from a 10-cm depth in the sandy loam soil, but no emergence occurred in the sand soil at this depth.

scholarly journals 182 Young road safety advocate program, the “peer to peer” approach in teaching pedestrian safety

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. A67.1-A67
Author(s):  
Jesus J de la Fuente ◽  
Amalia C Rolloque ◽  
Peavy Denisse A Azas ◽  
Marina M Alcantara
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Peer To Peer
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