scholarly journals Emerging complexity in children's conceptualization of the wealthy and the poor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Yang ◽  
Yarrow Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Total N ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Developmental Shift ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich

Past work suggests that children have an overly rosy view of rich people that stays consistent across childhood. However, adults do not show explicit pro-rich biases and even hold negative stereotypes against the rich (e.g., thinking that rich people are cold and greedy). When does this developmental shift occur, and when do children develop more complex and differentiated understandings of the wealthy and the poor? The current work documents the developmental trajectory of 4- to 12-year-old primarily American middle-class children’s conceptualizations of the wealthy and the poor (total N = 164). We find: 1) age-related decreases in pro-rich preferences and stereotypes relative to the poor; 2) domain-sensitive stereotypes across prosociality, talent, and effort; 3) resource-specific behavioral expectations such that with age children increasingly expect the wealthy to contribute more material resources but not more time than the poor; 4) an increasing recognition of the unfairness of the wealth gap between the wealthy and the poor; and 5) a developing understanding of the link between wealth and power. In sum, this work illuminates the emergence of more complex understandings of wealth, poverty, and inequality.

The Distribution Mechanism of Subsidized Liquid Petroleum Gas in Sajad District West Kalimantan: An Investigation Based on Islamic Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Zarul Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Official Price ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Initial Survey

This research is based on an initial survey of the distribution of subsidized 3-kg LPG which I think is not right on target because it is full of fraudulent practices. In distributing LPG, it was found that many rich people still buy subsidized 3-kg LPG. In fact, according to government regulations, 3-kg LPG is intended for the poor economic community or small business owners. The problem that is the focus of this research is how the mechanism for distributing 3-kg LPG is in Sajad Regency, and how is the law on selling 3-kg LPG for the rich when viewed according to Islamic law. To answer these questions, data collection techniques were carried out through observation and interviews. The results of this study are 1) the distribution of 3-kg LPG is not in accordance with government regulations, namely the distribution of LPG prioritizes people who can afford it above the official price, while the poor can only get a small part of the official government price/national subsidy price, so there are more stock for sale at more expensive than the official price. 2) If viewed from Islamic law, the distribution of 3-kg LPG is not in accordance with the sharia business method because it is carried out by ignoring government regulations, namely traders are considered to have broken an agreement with the government regarding price determination. In addition, this buying and selling practice also lacks supervision, no sanctions and no law enforcement to maintain subsidy prices so that many sellers dare to violate contracts with the government and violate government regulations.

DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1048-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Nakamura ◽  
Yoshihiko Seoka
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Capital Stock ◽  
Initial Ratio ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Persistent Poverty

This paper considers differential fertility and analyzes how the fertility of people caught in poverty disturbs their escape from poverty. For escape from poverty, it is necessary that the average human capital stock exceed certain thresholds before the ratio of the number of poor to rich people increases more rapidly than the human capital level of rich people. Thus, the escape depends on a race between the accumulation of human capital by the rich and the accumulation of children by the poor. A high initial ratio of the number of poor to rich people would imply persistent poverty.

A Study on the Economic Benefits of Globalization: Focusing on the Poverty and Inequality between the Rich and the Poor

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hyup Shin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Developed Countries

Globalization is now well recognized by many as an inescapable feature of the world today. In particular, in the middle of global economic crisis globalization is one of the hot issues drawing much attention from countries around the world. There are contradictory perspectives on globalization. There are many sweeping statements that assert that economic globalization is increasing global poverty and inequality between the rich and the poor in the world. There are also many others who insist that the poverty and inequality issues have been resolved in some sense through globalization. In order to find the answer to the question, firstly the meaning of globalization was fully explained. Based on the understanding of globalization, the questions such as how globalization has contributed to reduce the economic gap between the developed and the developing countries, and to reduce the poverty by analyzing the economic growth, the number of people living below the absolute poverty line and so on were analyzed. The reasons why globalization is a good opportunity for some countries while some other countries get not something from the globalization was also discussed in this research. We found that globalization has contributed to reduce global poverty and to increase the welfare of both the developed and developing countries. However globalization has impacted different groups differently. Some have benefited enormously, while others have borne more of the costs. The developed countries could get more economic benefits from the less developed countries through globalization. This means, inequality between the rich and the poor countries still remained as a serious threat in the global economy. And even among the developing countries globalization has impacted differently. The trends toward faster growth and poverty reduction are strongest in developing economies that have integrated with the global economy most rapidly, which supports the view that integration has been a positive force for improving the lives of people in developing countries There are two main reasons for the inequality existing between the developed and developing countries. The fist one is the difference of economic size and power between the developed countries and the developing countries started to exist from the late 18th century. The second one is the differences in the management skill in taking advantage of the globalization.

scholarly journals SIKAP MEMBERI PERSEMBAHAN MENURUT INJIL MARKUS 12:41-44

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-35
Author(s):  
David Susilo Pranoto
Keyword(s):  
Gospel Of Mark ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Temple

This paper is titled" Attitude to Give Offerings According to the Gospel of Mark 12: 41-44 ". Mark's Gospel was written by Mark himself and this Gospel of Mark is the earliest Gospel written, which is between 65 and 70 AD before the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed and Mark's Gospel is also the shortest of the four Gospels. This book was shown to the Jews to introduce Christ as a servant. Specifically the Gospel of Mark 12: 41-44 tells how Jesus showed His disciples the attitude of the rich and the widows of the poor in giving offerings. This shows that Jesus wanted to tell everyone and specifically to the students how the right attitude in giving offerings. The text Jesus shows about the attitude of the rich and poor widows in making offerings in the Temple. In addition, in the context of the Gospel of Mark 12: 41-44, Jesus showed His disciples the right attitude in offering. Jesus' purpose here is to direct the attention of His disciples to the poor widow. The poor widow gives more offerings than the offerings of rich people, because she gives from her shortcomings while rich people give from abundance. So through this article we can open the understanding of believers to have the right attitude to offer.

Income Inequality in India

2019 ◽  
pp. 356-363
Author(s):  
Ngozi Bosede Adeleye ◽  
M. Abdul Jamal ◽  
M. Fakir Ismail ◽  
S. Mohamed Nazeer
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Sustained Growth ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Employment Education

Social inequality means that certain individuals or groups have more material resources than others. Poverty implies some insufficiency in the material resources of an individual or group. The exploitation of the poor by the rich can be contained by reducing the level of inequality between the rich and the poor, which in turn depends upon reducing poverty through economic reforms. If economic reforms bring about steady and sustained growth in the economy, the poor could benefit in two ways. First, experience has shown that growth (particularly the agricultural growth) trickles down to the poor. Second, sustained growth creates an environment that is, on the whole, congenial for empowerment of the poor. The dependence of the poor on the groups dominating them becomes less precarious owing to expansion of opportunities for employment, education, occupational mobility, and for achieving higher social status.

The Implication of Multinational Corporations in Poverty Eradication in Cameroon

2016 ◽  
pp. 1490-1514
Author(s):  
Kingsly Awang Ollong
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The One ◽  
Corporate Social

This paper explores business strategies and policies put in place by multinational corporations to alleviate poverty in Africa with specific examples from Cameroon. The world's population is rapidly increasing and the rich people are getting richer, whereas the poor people are becoming even more marginalized. During the era of economic liberalization the belief was that the opening up of economies to multinational corporations could lead to economic growth and, subsequently, economic development. The activities of multinational corporations have witnessed a tremendous boom since the advent of the twenty first century, that is characterized with advances in information communication technology, and the flow of capital have been the main proxy for MNC activity. MNCs are mainly motivated by opportunities that increase their profits, and the most important factors for MNCs are market size and access to resources. Nevertheless, as markets are getting saturated and MNCs are looking for new opportunities, innovative business strategies have been developed to provide dividends to their shareholders while making sure the stakeholders and communities in which they operate also benefit. This paper explores some business models that MNCs have used to make their products available, affordable and accepted in poor markets that are mostly found in Africa on the one hand and corporate social responsibility initiatives implemented by MNCs to alleviate poverty in the continent on the other. The paper concludes that though the principal goal of MNCs is profit maximization, corporations are making an effort to see that the poor benefit from the activities of these giant companies. To get to this conclusion the paper relied on both primary sources and the exploitation of the already existing literature in books and journals. Given that the sector of activities of MNCs is vast, the paper laid emphasis on fast moving consumer goods companies (FMCGs) in Cameroon.

Aquaculture and poverty in the coastal areas of the Philippines.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Iz ◽  
James R. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between aquaculture and poverty was investigated in five coastal communities in the Philippines which practiced different forms of extensive and semi-intensive fish polyculture. The methodological approach combined the qualitative analysis of how this relationship was perceived by the surveyed households and a quantitative analysis of the levels and determinants of poverty and inequality in these communities. There is overwhelming evidence that aquaculture benefited the poor in important ways and that it was perceived positively by poor and non-poor alike. In particular, the poor derived a relatively larger share of their income from aquaculture than the rich, and a lowering of the poverty line only reinforced this result. Further, it was established that aquaculture represents an inequality-reducing source of income. The pro-poor character of aquaculture in this case study is explained by the fact that the sector provided employment to a large number of unskilled workers in communities characterised by large surpluses of labour.

Don’t Cut Down the Tall Poppies’: Thatcherism and the Strategy of Inequality

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Walker
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
New Labour ◽  
Coalition Government ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Social Wage ◽  
The Impact

This chapter looks at the impact of the range of polices on taxation and incomes, social security, and the social wage, which contributed to the unprecedented growth in poverty and inequality under the Thatcher administrations. It finds that despite the growth both in levels of poverty and in the gap between the rich and the poor, which occurred during her period office, key elements of the philosophy underpinning her strategy of inequality survived both through John Major’s premiership and, despite its commitment to reducing poverty, through the New Labour administrations. Her legacy can also be seen in the policies of the 2010 Conservative/Liberal Democrat Coalition government, which looks set to preside again over both a growth in poverty and a growing gap between the rich and the poor.

The Implication of Multinational Corporations in Poverty Eradication in Cameroon

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsly Awang Ollong
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Poor People ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The One ◽  
Corporate Social

This paper explores business strategies and policies put in place by multinational corporations to alleviate poverty in Africa with specific examples from Cameroon. The world's population is rapidly increasing and the rich people are getting richer, whereas the poor people are becoming even more marginalized. During the era of economic liberalization the belief was that the opening up of economies to multinational corporations could lead to economic growth and, subsequently, economic development. The activities of multinational corporations have witnessed a tremendous boom since the advent of the twenty first century, that is characterized with advances in information communication technology, and the flow of capital have been the main proxy for MNC activity. MNCs are mainly motivated by opportunities that increase their profits, and the most important factors for MNCs are market size and access to resources. Nevertheless, as markets are getting saturated and MNCs are looking for new opportunities, innovative business strategies have been developed to provide dividends to their shareholders while making sure the stakeholders and communities in which they operate also benefit. This paper explores some business models that MNCs have used to make their products available, affordable and accepted in poor markets that are mostly found in Africa on the one hand and corporate social responsibility initiatives implemented by MNCs to alleviate poverty in the continent on the other. The paper concludes that though the principal goal of MNCs is profit maximization, corporations are making an effort to see that the poor benefit from the activities of these giant companies. To get to this conclusion the paper relied on both primary sources and the exploitation of the already existing literature in books and journals. Given that the sector of activities of MNCs is vast, the paper laid emphasis on fast moving consumer goods companies (FMCGs) in Cameroon.

scholarly journals Conspicuous Compassion and Taxation: A Reality

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
Mudaser Ahad Bhat ◽  
Binish Qadri
Keyword(s):  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Poor People ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rich People ◽  
Benefit Principle ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Taxation Principle ◽  
Government Benefits ◽  
Distribution Of Income

In modern public-finance literature, many canons or principles have been followed for tax policies, ‘ability principle’ (Pigou, 1933), ‘benefit principle’ (Lindahl as cited by Roberts, J, 1989). Under the benefit theory, tax levels are automatically determined and therefore self-loaded, because taxpayers pay proportionately for the government benefits they receive. In other words, the individuals who benefit the most from public services pay most of the taxes (Lindahl model,). The present paper highlights that conspicuous compassion and taxation go hand in hand especially in case of rich people but not in case of poor people and as result in modern societies tax levels are not self-loaded, a claim made by benefit principle. Along with proportionate benefit principle ‘conspicuous compassion in favour of rich people’ is also in operation in most countries of the world. This paper argues that under proportionate benefit principle with conspicuous compassion in favour of rich, the rich people are gainers as compared to the poor people. Under this principle with compassion in favour of rich, benefits of rich outweigh their costs because rich sections of the society are usually provided with large invisible services by the government such as large tax incentives and rebates. On the other hand, the costs of poor people usually outweigh their benefits because poor sections of the society are usually provided with low or no invisible services, although, they are provided with large visible benefits. But these visible benefits provided to the poor people by the government get distributed among vast section of the population.In this process, the societies end with a highly inequitable distribution of income and a paradox emerges which may rightly called as paradox of evasion-to-evasion. To improve income distribution and to control evasion-to-evasion paradox, the present study advices governments to implement progressive taxation with conspicuous compassion in favour of poor and downtrodden sections of the society. By doing this, those who will benefit more (i.e. poor) will have to pay less taxes as it ensures that large invisible services are to be provided to the poor as compared to the rich and hence the principle can be called as proportionate principle with compassion or simply conspicuous compassion taxation principle.

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