DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1048-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Nakamura ◽  
Yoshihiko Seoka
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Capital Stock ◽  
Initial Ratio ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Persistent Poverty

This paper considers differential fertility and analyzes how the fertility of people caught in poverty disturbs their escape from poverty. For escape from poverty, it is necessary that the average human capital stock exceed certain thresholds before the ratio of the number of poor to rich people increases more rapidly than the human capital level of rich people. Thus, the escape depends on a race between the accumulation of human capital by the rich and the accumulation of children by the poor. A high initial ratio of the number of poor to rich people would imply persistent poverty.

Inequality, Collective Action, and Democratization

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Keefer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

Epic redistributive struggles between the rich and poor lie at the heart of prominent theories of economic development and the emergence of democracy (e.g., Boix 2003; Acemoglu and Robinson 2006). The poor pursue democracy to secure credible redistribution away from wealthy elites; elites, fearing redistribution, but also the costs of revolution, decide whether to repress these efforts or to surrender to them. These theories, and the historical examples of working classes exacting redistributive or political concessions from elites, have been interpreted as suggesting that inequality and redistributive struggles should be central features of development and democratization. Where inequality is high, democracy should be unlikely to emerge, or to emerge and be unstable. Because elites in unequal societies are unwilling to adopt institutions that encourage growth and investment (such as institutions that protect non-elites from predation by elites), incomes should be lower as well.

The Distribution Mechanism of Subsidized Liquid Petroleum Gas in Sajad District West Kalimantan: An Investigation Based on Islamic Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Zarul Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Official Price ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Initial Survey

This research is based on an initial survey of the distribution of subsidized 3-kg LPG which I think is not right on target because it is full of fraudulent practices. In distributing LPG, it was found that many rich people still buy subsidized 3-kg LPG. In fact, according to government regulations, 3-kg LPG is intended for the poor economic community or small business owners. The problem that is the focus of this research is how the mechanism for distributing 3-kg LPG is in Sajad Regency, and how is the law on selling 3-kg LPG for the rich when viewed according to Islamic law. To answer these questions, data collection techniques were carried out through observation and interviews. The results of this study are 1) the distribution of 3-kg LPG is not in accordance with government regulations, namely the distribution of LPG prioritizes people who can afford it above the official price, while the poor can only get a small part of the official government price/national subsidy price, so there are more stock for sale at more expensive than the official price. 2) If viewed from Islamic law, the distribution of 3-kg LPG is not in accordance with the sharia business method because it is carried out by ignoring government regulations, namely traders are considered to have broken an agreement with the government regarding price determination. In addition, this buying and selling practice also lacks supervision, no sanctions and no law enforcement to maintain subsidy prices so that many sellers dare to violate contracts with the government and violate government regulations.

scholarly journals SIKAP MEMBERI PERSEMBAHAN MENURUT INJIL MARKUS 12:41-44

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-35
Author(s):  
David Susilo Pranoto
Keyword(s):  
Gospel Of Mark ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Temple

This paper is titled" Attitude to Give Offerings According to the Gospel of Mark 12: 41-44 ". Mark's Gospel was written by Mark himself and this Gospel of Mark is the earliest Gospel written, which is between 65 and 70 AD before the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed and Mark's Gospel is also the shortest of the four Gospels. This book was shown to the Jews to introduce Christ as a servant. Specifically the Gospel of Mark 12: 41-44 tells how Jesus showed His disciples the attitude of the rich and the widows of the poor in giving offerings. This shows that Jesus wanted to tell everyone and specifically to the students how the right attitude in giving offerings. The text Jesus shows about the attitude of the rich and poor widows in making offerings in the Temple. In addition, in the context of the Gospel of Mark 12: 41-44, Jesus showed His disciples the right attitude in offering. Jesus' purpose here is to direct the attention of His disciples to the poor widow. The poor widow gives more offerings than the offerings of rich people, because she gives from her shortcomings while rich people give from abundance. So through this article we can open the understanding of believers to have the right attitude to offer.

scholarly journals Contextualizing Community Economic Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Ahmad Gamal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Informal Employment ◽  
Community Economic Development ◽  
Population Composition ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Unique Context

This paper is aimed at contextualizing the approach of Community Based Development as an alternative solution of communities to reduce dependency to the outer forces. It is conducted by examining a heavily urbanized area in Central Jakarta and to compare it with different scales of contexts. Kelurahan Cideng has very unique context since its urban environment has particular population composition of the dichotomic extremes: the poor and the rich as well as those involved in formal and informal employment. The study treats a national government’s policy of the integration of Posyandu, BKK and provincial initiative of PAUD as the interplay with the socio-economic context of Cideng.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Zakat in Developing Muslims in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Khairul Azhar Meerangani
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Equitable Distribution ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Optimum Utilization ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Islamic Faith ◽  
Welfare Distribution

Zakat is the third of the five pillars of Islamic faith, relating to wealth and welfare of the society that helps to close the gap between the poor and the rich. The efficient and systematic zakat management is able to propel it’s potential as an instrument of human developments especially among Muslims. The optimum utilization of zakat funds is essential to improving the quality and potential of every Muslim. In Malaysia, zakat is administrated by the Islamic Religious Council (IRC) in every state. The IRC is responsible for determining the beneficiary's qualification and the type of relief that is appropriate based on the background of each recipient so that the relief can be utilized to fulfill their needs. This study aims to assess the potential of zakat in developing the quality of Muslims in Malaysia by highlighting the practice of each IRC in distributing relief to each qualified zakat recipient. The distribution statistics and the form of programs provided by the IRC were analyzed descriptively to see the potential of zakat itself practically in improving the quality of Muslims. The study found that the IRC has provided various programs aimed at improving the quality of asnaf through equitable distribution of economics, social welfare distribution, human capital production and upgrading of education. Thus, every Muslim, especially zakat payers, should take the opportunity to equally engage with the IRC to ensure that zakat funds can be optimized for the developments of Muslims in Malaysia.

The Implication of Multinational Corporations in Poverty Eradication in Cameroon

2016 ◽  
pp. 1490-1514
Author(s):  
Kingsly Awang Ollong
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The One ◽  
Corporate Social

This paper explores business strategies and policies put in place by multinational corporations to alleviate poverty in Africa with specific examples from Cameroon. The world's population is rapidly increasing and the rich people are getting richer, whereas the poor people are becoming even more marginalized. During the era of economic liberalization the belief was that the opening up of economies to multinational corporations could lead to economic growth and, subsequently, economic development. The activities of multinational corporations have witnessed a tremendous boom since the advent of the twenty first century, that is characterized with advances in information communication technology, and the flow of capital have been the main proxy for MNC activity. MNCs are mainly motivated by opportunities that increase their profits, and the most important factors for MNCs are market size and access to resources. Nevertheless, as markets are getting saturated and MNCs are looking for new opportunities, innovative business strategies have been developed to provide dividends to their shareholders while making sure the stakeholders and communities in which they operate also benefit. This paper explores some business models that MNCs have used to make their products available, affordable and accepted in poor markets that are mostly found in Africa on the one hand and corporate social responsibility initiatives implemented by MNCs to alleviate poverty in the continent on the other. The paper concludes that though the principal goal of MNCs is profit maximization, corporations are making an effort to see that the poor benefit from the activities of these giant companies. To get to this conclusion the paper relied on both primary sources and the exploitation of the already existing literature in books and journals. Given that the sector of activities of MNCs is vast, the paper laid emphasis on fast moving consumer goods companies (FMCGs) in Cameroon.

Global Environment and International Inequality

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Shue
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Global Environment ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Industrial Activity ◽  
International Inequality ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Countries

My aim is to establish that three commonsense principles of fairness, none of them dependent upon controversial philosophical theories of justice, give rise to the same conclusion about the allocation of the costs of protecting the environment. Poor states and rich states have long dealt with each other primarily upon unequal terms. The imposition of unequal terms has been relatively easy for the rich states because they have rarely needed to ask for the voluntary cooperation of the less powerful poor states. Now the rich countries have realized that their own industrial activity has been destroying the ozone in the earth’s atmosphere and has been making far and away the greatest contribution to global warming. They would like the poor states to avoid adopting the same form of industrialization by which they themselves became rich. It is increasingly clear that if poor states pursue their own economic development with the same disregard for the natural environment and the economic welfare of other states that rich states displayed in the past during their development, everyone will continue to suffer the effects of environmental destruction. Consequently, it is at least conceivable that rich states might now be willing to consider dealing cooperatively on equitable terms with poor states in a manner that gives due weight to both the economic development of poor states and the preservation of the natural environment. If we are to have any hope of pursuing equitable cooperation, we must try to arrive at a consensus about what equity means. And we need to define equity not as a vague abstraction but concretely and specifically in the context of both development of the economy in poor states and preservation of the environment everywhere. What diplomats and lawyers call equity incorporates important aspects of what ordinary people everywhere call fairness. The concept of fairness is neither Eastern nor Western, Northern nor Southern, but universal. People everywhere understand what it means to ask whether an arrangement is fair or biased toward some parties over other parties.

scholarly journals LAND REFORMS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Gersbach ◽  
Lars-H. R. Siemers
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
The Political ◽  
Land Markets ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rights Issues

We examine the nexus between land transfers and human capital formation. A sequence of land redistributions enables the beneficiaries to educate their children and thus to escape from poverty. A successful land reform allows the transition of a society from an agriculture-based state of poverty to a human capital–based developed economy. We find that a temporary state of inequality among the poor is unavoidable. Finally, we discuss the political economy of land reform, whether access to land markets should be allowed for beneficiaries of land reforms, and property rights issues.

scholarly journals Emerging complexity in children's conceptualization of the wealthy and the poor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Yang ◽  
Yarrow Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Total N ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Developmental Shift ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich

Past work suggests that children have an overly rosy view of rich people that stays consistent across childhood. However, adults do not show explicit pro-rich biases and even hold negative stereotypes against the rich (e.g., thinking that rich people are cold and greedy). When does this developmental shift occur, and when do children develop more complex and differentiated understandings of the wealthy and the poor? The current work documents the developmental trajectory of 4- to 12-year-old primarily American middle-class children’s conceptualizations of the wealthy and the poor (total N = 164). We find: 1) age-related decreases in pro-rich preferences and stereotypes relative to the poor; 2) domain-sensitive stereotypes across prosociality, talent, and effort; 3) resource-specific behavioral expectations such that with age children increasingly expect the wealthy to contribute more material resources but not more time than the poor; 4) an increasing recognition of the unfairness of the wealth gap between the wealthy and the poor; and 5) a developing understanding of the link between wealth and power. In sum, this work illuminates the emergence of more complex understandings of wealth, poverty, and inequality.

scholarly journals PARADIGMA PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI; SATU ANALISIS TINJAUAN ULANG DARI PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SYAMSURI SYAMSURI
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Socialist Economic ◽  
Development Concept ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Economics Analysis ◽  
Development Perspective

Abstract. Paradigm of Economic Development; Perspective of Islamic Economics Analysis. The capitalist economic system has failed because the rich exploiting the poor and a socialist economic system justifies the poor seize property of the rich. This problem becomes an important issue for the Muslim economists. Paradigm both the liberal system is exploitative, unfair and treats people not as people. Not pay attention to moral values and akhlaqs, a dichotomy between religion and economics, make man a slave of development and not development for human. This paper is a reflection phenomenon of damage to the environment, social inequality and poverty not been abated. So the liberal economic theories and concepts need to be reviewed by presenting a new economic development concept that comes from revelation that is the Quran and hadith. Finally, from the discussion can be concluded that economic development can not be achieved except with implementing Islamic guidance in everything. And the nature of development must necessarily multi-dimensional, included the gratification of physical and ruh. Economic development must also be able to create a balance between individual interests and the interests of society, kindness balanced and consistent according the rules of Islam. Measure of the success of development if the concept of caliphate, ‘adalah, and tazkiyah can meet all basic needs of every human being and nature conservation around for the long term future generations.Abstrak. Paradigma Pembangunan Ekonomi; Satu Analisis Tinjauan Ulang Dari Perspektif Ekonomi Islam. Kegagalan sistem ekonomi kapitalis yang membenarkan orang kaya mengeksploitasi orang miskin, dan sistem sosialis membenarkan orang miskin merampas harta orang kaya menjadi satu isu penting bagi para ekonom muslim. Paradigma kedua sistem liberal tersebut bersifat eksploitatif dan tidak fair serta memperlakukan manusia bukan sebagai manusia. Mengesampingkan nilai moral dan akhlak, memisahkan antara agama dengan ekonomi, dan menjadikan manusia hamba pembangunan, bukan pembangunan untuk manusia. Makalah ini merupakan satu refleksi fenomena dari kerusakan alam, ketimpangan sosial, kemiskinan yang tidak berkunjung reda. Sehingga teori dan konsep ekonomi liberal perlu ditinjau ulang dengan menyajikan satu konsep pembangunan ekonomi baru yang bersumber dari wahyu yaitu al-Quran maupun hadith. Akhirnya dari pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembangunan ekonomi tidak akan dapat dicapai melainkan dengan menjalankan ajaran Islam secara kaffah, dan sifat pembangunan mestilah multi dimensi yang merangkumi pemuasan secara fisik maupun ruh. Termasuk pembangunan ekonomi juga mesti dapat menciptakan keseimbangan antara kepentingan individu dan kepentingan masyarakat, kebaikan yang seimbang dan konsisten sesuai kaedah-kaedah agama Islam. Tolak ukur keberhasilan pembangunan ini apabila tuntutan khilafah, ‘adalah dan tazkiyah dapat memenuhi seluruh keperluan dasar setiap insan dan pelestarian alam sekitar untuk jangka panjang generasi selanjutnya.

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