scholarly journals Takotsubo Syndrome: A Review on The Relationship Between The Heart and The Brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prima Hapsari Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Chest Pain ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Stress Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Takotsubo Syndrome ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Artery Obstruction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as stress cardiomyopathy, causes severe heart syndrome in humans due to extreme physiological and psychological stress events in life. Takotsubo syndrome's critical manifestations of acute chest pain and syncope or dyspnea often imitate an episode of severe myocardial infarction that does not entail coronary artery obstruction. Recent scientific data reveals that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of TTS. In detail, emotional stress events in an individual cause SNS activation, leading to an excessive release of catecholamine that inflicts toxicity to myocardial tissues when present at superfluous concentrations. However, the central nervous system (CNS) alterations and the relationship between heart and brain among TTS patients remain vague. Of late, several published studies disclosed the importance of the aforesaid heart-brain relationship in the pathogenesis of TTS. This review examines studies focused on the excessive release of catecholamine, the activation of SNS, and the heart-brain relationship in TTS cases from concurrent systemic and pathophysiological attributes.

scholarly journals The Brain-Heart Connection in Takotsubo Syndrome: The Central Nervous System, Sympathetic Nervous System, and Catecholamine Overload

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaopu Wang ◽  
Junyu Pei ◽  
Xinqun Hu
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Acute Chest Pain ◽  
Takotsubo Syndrome ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Artery Obstruction ◽  
The Brain

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as stress cardiomyopathy, is a type of acute heart failure syndrome triggered by intense psychological or physiological stress. TTS typically manifests as acute chest pain, dyspnea or syncope that mimics an acute myocardial infarction but does not involve coronary artery obstruction. The current understanding of the pathogenesis of TTS suggests that sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation plays a central role. Specifically, stress can activate the SNS and lead to the over-release of catecholamine, which have toxic effects on myocardial tissue when present at excessive levels. However, the brain changes associated with TTS and the connection between the brain and the heart in patients with this disease remain unclear. In recent years, several published reports have revealed the role of this brain-heart connection in the pathogenesis of TTS. This review summarizes recent studies regarding SNS activation, catecholamine overload, and the brain-heart connection in patients with TTS from both pathophysiological and mechanistic aspects.

scholarly journals Adiponectin and Cognitive Decline

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rosaria Rizzo ◽  
Renata Fasano ◽  
Giuseppe Paolisso
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Adiponectin (ADPN) is a plasma protein secreted by adipose tissue showing pleiotropic effects with anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Initially, it was thought that the main role was only the metabolism control. Later, ADPN receptors were also found in the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, the receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are expressed in various areas of the brain, including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cortex. While AdipoR1 regulates insulin sensitivity through the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, AdipoR2 stimulates the neural plasticity through the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) pathway that inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress. Overall, based on its central and peripheral actions, ADPN appears to have neuroprotective effects by reducing inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (PCR), interleukin 6 (IL6), and Tumor Necrosis Factor a (TNFa). Conversely, high levels of inflammatory cascade factors appear to inhibit the production of ADPN, suggesting bidirectional modulation. In addition, ADPN appears to have insulin-sensitizing action. It is known that a reduction in insulin signaling is associated with cognitive impairment. Based on this, it is of great interest to investigate the mechanism of restoration of the insulin signal in the brain as an action of ADPN, because it is useful for testing a possible pharmacological treatment for the improvement of cognitive decline. Anyway, if ADPN regulates neuronal functioning and cognitive performances by the glycemic metabolic system remains poorly explored. Moreover, although the mechanism is still unclear, women compared to men have a doubled risk of developing cognitive decline. Several studies have also supported that during the menopausal transition, the estrogen reduction can adversely affect the brain, in particular, verbal memory and verbal fluency. During the postmenopausal period, in obese and insulin-resistant individuals, ADPN serum levels are significantly reduced. Our recent study has evaluated the relationship between plasma ADPN levels and cognitive performances in menopausal women. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize both the mechanisms and the effects of ADPN in the central nervous system and the relationship between plasma ADPN levels and cognitive performances, also in menopausal women.

scholarly journals Environmental Signals on Microglial Function during Brain Development, Neuroplasticity, and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana da Silva Chagas ◽  
Poliana Capucho Sandre ◽  
Natalia Cristina Aparecida Ribeiro e Ribeiro ◽  
Henrique Marcondes ◽  
Priscilla Oliveira Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Microglial Phenotype ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
As Stress ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Recent discoveries on the neurobiology of the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia, have been recognized as a growing field of investigation on the interactions between the brain and the immune system. Several environmental contexts such as stress, lesions, infectious diseases, and nutritional and hormonal disorders can interfere with CNS homeostasis, directly impacting microglial physiology. Despite many encouraging discoveries in this field, there are still some controversies that raise issues to be discussed, especially regarding the relationship between the microglial phenotype assumed in distinct contexts and respective consequences in different neurobiological processes, such as disorders of brain development and neuroplasticity. Also, there is an increasing interest in discussing microglial–immune system cross-talk in health and in pathological conditions. In this review, we discuss recent literature concerning microglial function during development and homeostasis. In addition, we explore the contribution of microglia to synaptic disorders mediated by different neuroinflammatory outcomes during pre- and postnatal development, with long-term consequences impacting on the risk and vulnerability to the emergence of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Dr. A. I. Yushchenko. The relationship of the lower mesenteric sympathetic node to the innervation of the bladder and the volume of automatic movements of the last day. - Archive of Biological Sciences, T. VI, issue 5

2020 ◽  
Vol VI (4) ◽  
pp. 213-214
Author(s):  
B. I. Vorotynskiy
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Physiology has not yet given us positive data on the function of the sympathetic nervous system. Only recently, histologists have been able to prove that the nerve cells located in large sympathetic nodes do not differ in their morphological properties from cells of the central nervous system. This gives the right to assume that in the sympathetic nodes there are independent centers that are in the same dependence on the higher centers, as, for example, the centers of the spinal cord from the brain. We have very little data on the relationship of the sympathetic nervous system to the innervations of the bladder. On this basis, the author began to study this issue in the physiological laboratory of prof. Pavlova at the M. Academy.

scholarly journals Neuroeducation:An Approach to Brain Plasticity in Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 86-104
Author(s):  
Léa Barbosa de Sousa ◽  
Ingrid Soraya De Oliveira Sá ◽  
Ana Rebeca Soares Maia de Oliveira ◽  
Maria das Graças De Carvalho ◽  
Marlene Menezes de Souza Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Pedagogical Intervention ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Neuroscience is a field of science that studies the central nervous system (CNS) as well as its relations with the human body.  It is intricately implicated in the different fields of knowledge, directly interfering in linguistics, the arts, medicine, among others.  Neuropsychology, in turn, deals with the study of the relationship between cognition, behavior and CNS activities, both under normal and pathological conditions.  This study aims to discuss aspects of neuroscience in order to clarify aspects related to how the brain learns and how it behaves in the learning process, so that the quality of pedagogical intervention can be reached.  Keywords: Neuroeducation, Neuroscience, Learning.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Ultrastructural morphology of neurosecretory neurons in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Grazia Tagliafierro ◽  
Cristiana Crosa ◽  
Marco Canepa ◽  
Tiziano Zanin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Balanus Amphitrite ◽  
Neurosecretory Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Dense Core Granules ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ocellar Nerve

Barnacles are very specialized Crustacea, with strongly reduced head and abdomen. Their nervous system is rather simple: the brain or supra-oesophageal ganglion (SG) is a small bilobed structure and the toracic ganglia are fused into a single ventral mass, the suboesophageal ganglion (VG). Neurosecretion was shown in barnacle nervous system by histochemical methods and numerous putative hormonal substances were extracted and tested. Recently six different types of dense-core granules were visualized in the median ocellar nerve of Balanus hameri and serotonin and FMRF-amide like substances were immunocytochemically detected in the nervous system of Balanus amphitrite. The aim of the present work is to localize and characterize at ultrastructural level, neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in the VG of Balanus amphitrite.Specimens of Balanus amphitrite were collected in the port of Genova. The central nervous system were Karnovsky fixed, osmium postfixed, ethanol dehydrated and Durcupan ACM embedded. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Ultrastructural observations were made on a Philips M 202 and Zeiss 109 T electron microscopy.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

RAS in the Central Nervous System: Potential Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (28) ◽  
pp. 3333-3352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Pessoa Rocha ◽  
Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva ◽  
Thiago Ruiz Rodrigues Prestes ◽  
Victor Feracin ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Mas Receptor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis, but also plays important roles in mediating physiological functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of the RAS were classically described as mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II via angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors. However, another arm of the RAS formed by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor has been a matter of investigation due to its important physiological roles, usually counterbalancing the classical effects exerted by Ang II. Objective: We aim to provide an overview of effects elicited by the RAS, especially Ang-(1-7), in the brain. We also aim to discuss the therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders for the modulation of RAS. Method: We carried out an extensive literature search in PubMed central. Results: Within the brain, Ang-(1-7) contributes to the regulation of blood pressure by acting at regions that control cardiovascular functions. In contrast with Ang II, Ang-(1-7) improves baroreflex sensitivity and plays an inhibitory role in hypothalamic noradrenergic neurotransmission. Ang-(1-7) not only exerts effects related to blood pressure regulation, but also acts as a neuroprotective component of the RAS, for instance, by reducing cerebral infarct size, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion: Pre-clinical evidence supports a relevant role for ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including stress-related and mood disorders, cerebrovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few data are available regarding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in human CNS.

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