scholarly journals 2015. The Fertile Desert: Agriculture and Copper Industry in Early Islamic Arava (Arabah)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hagit Nol
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Area ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Copper Industry ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Main Crop ◽  
Early Islamic ◽  
Agricultural Settlement

The Arava is an arid region in the Southern Levant. Archaeological excavations and surveys in the area revealed dense settlement and sophisticated technologies from the 8th-9th centuries AD – qanat water technology and copper production. Differences between the data of the middle and southern Arava suggest two separated economic systems. While the Southern Arava seems to be primarily an industrial area of copper that delivered the raw material to Ayla, the middle Arava was mainly agricultural and may be connected to trade routes. Studying the farming conditions of this arid area points to date palms as the main crop of the agricultural settlement. However, it is not yet clear where the Arava's produce was exported.

ICP-MS Isotopic Signatures of Lead Ceramic Glazes, Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, 1315–1700

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas E. Pingitore ◽  
David Hill ◽  
Joshua Villalobos ◽  
Jeff Leach ◽  
John A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Rio Grande Valley ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ancestral Pueblo ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Lead Source ◽  
Source Materials

ABSTRACTICP-MS isotopie analysis of lead ceramic glazes suggests at least two sources were exploited by Ancestral Pueblo potters to obtain the lead raw material, presumably galena (PbS). Five Rio Grande lead glazeware sherds from the Sandia area and two found at Socorro share a common isotopie fingerprint. The temper of one of the Socorro sherds confirms an origin in the Sandia area; petrography of the temper of the second sherd does not tie to any known Socorro source rock. Two other glazeware sherds from Socorro have a distinctly different lead isotopie signature. A fifth Socorro glaze may be a mixture of the Sandia and Socorro lead source materials. The differences in lead isotopie signature thus accord well with mineralogical differences in the ceramic pastes. Lead isotopie signatures generated by ICP-MS analysis are a powerful new tool for grouping glazeware sherds, classifying individual samples, defining lead sources, and delineating trade routes.

scholarly journals Copper metallurgy at the crossroads

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Habashi
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Pressure Leaching ◽  
Copper Industry ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Copper Metallurgy ◽  
Horizontal Furnace ◽  
Sulfide Concentrates

Copper technology changed from the vertical to the horizontal furnace and from the roast reaction to converting towards the end of the last century. However, the horizontal furnace proved to be an inefficient and polluting reactor. As a result many attempts were made to replace it. In the past 50 years new successful melting processes were introduced on an industrial scale that were more energy efficient and less polluting. In addition, smelting and converting were conducted in a single reactor in which the concentrate was fed and the raw copper was produced. The standing problem in many countries, however, is marketing 3 tonnes of sulfuric acid per tonne of copper produced as well as emitting large amounts of excess SO2 in the atmosphere. Pressure hydrometallurgy offers the possibility of liberating the copper industry from SO2 problem. Heap leaching technology has become a gigantic operation. Combined with solvent extraction and electrowinning it contributes today to about 20% of copper production and is expected to grow. Pressure leaching offers the possibility of liberating the copper industry from SO2 problem. The technology is over hundred years old. It is applied for leaching a variety of ores and concentrates. Hydrothermal oxidation of sulfide concentrates has the enormous advantage of producing elemental sulfur, hence solving the SO2 and sulfuric acid problems found in smelters. Precipitation of metals such as nickel and cobalt under hydrothermal conditions has been used for over 50 years. It has the advantage of a compact plant but the disadvantage of producing ammonium sulfate as a co-product. In case of copper, however, precipitation takes place without the need of neutralizing the acid, which is a great advantage and could be an excellent substitute for electrowinning which is energy intensive and occupies extensive space. Recent advances in the engineering aspects of pressure equipment design open the door widely for increased application. .

scholarly journals Identification of Obsidian Sources on Milos, Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Johannes H Sterba ◽  
Fabienne Eder ◽  
Max Bichler
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Volcanic Glass ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Chemical Fingerprint ◽  
Chemical Fingerprints ◽  
Ancient Times

Obsidian, a natural volcanic glass, was used extensively in ancient times because of its quality as a raw material for sharp blades. As such, obsidian is of high interest for provenancing studies, since reliable provenancing can provide information about trade routes, extension of territory, long-distance contacts and the mobility of prehistoric peoples. In general, well-established databases of the characteristic elemental composition, the chemical fingerprint, are needed for reliable provenancing. On Milos Island, two sources of raw obsidian, namely Agia Nychia (Cape Bombarda) and Demenegakion are known. Recent literature claims a third source close to Agios Ioannis. In a sampling expedition with the goal to complete the Atominstitut’s database on the chemical fingerprints of obsidian, samples at Agios Ioannis were collected to include this new source.  At the location, 16 scattered samples were taken for analysis, even though no direct outcrop could be identified. On the nearby island Kimolos, several more samples were found. Using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), the chemical fingerprint of the samples was measured and compared to the values in the database. All samples from Agios Ioannis were identified as either from Demenegakion or Agia Nychia, indicating that no further source of obsidian exists at the location.

scholarly journals Development prospects of the copper industry in the Far East

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Gennadii Arkhipov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Copper Industry ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Technological Chain ◽  
Industry Creation ◽  
Far Eastern

Research aim is to assess the prospects of using copper resources in the Far East to organize the regional base for the copper industry. Methodology. To assess the possibility or necessity of using the Far Eastern copper resources in the domestic industry, the state, production, needs and use of copper resources together with the existing projects of their development in the Far Eastern region are analyzed. Results and their analysis. In the Far East, projects are currently being implemented that require considerable use of a variety of non-ferrous metallurgy products. Metal products, materials and equipment required for the projects are imported or delivered from the western parts of Russia. Transportation significantly increases their cost. With the discovery and exploration of large copper deposits (Malmyzhskoye and Peschanka) and rich prospects of increasing the copper resource base in the far East, a number of ideas for copper industry creation and development in the region are proposed. Summary. The issue of copper industry creation in the Far East requires a multifaceted discussion, including the estimation of the general state and plans for the development of the copper industry in Russia and promising projects in the region. The region has sufficient reserves and resources of copper to create a complete technological chain of the regional copper industry, which involves the organization of copper production in the region. The potential of copper mineral resources in the region with an effective strategy for their use can contribute to the accelerated development of the Far East and become one of the factors of changing the geopolitical importance of Russia’s eastern part.

scholarly journals Development of energy-saving methods of waste processing as a tool for transformation of the social and economic systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 08094
Author(s):  
Valeria Kireeva
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Fodder Production ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Temperature Drying

The article deals with the problems of preservation of leafy mass of legume family high-protein agricultural crops, the disadvantages of the crop high-temperature drying in fodder production. One presents the results of studying the possibility of reducing the moisture content in plants mechanically, using the resulting waste (press residues) as a raw material for silage preparation applying the energy-saving bioconversion method. The results of developing the method of alfalfa press residues ensilaging with introduction of a mixture of strains of lactic acid bacteria cultures are presented The chemical composition of the vegetable stock and resulting silage was analysed, the feed and caloric values were determined for introduction into animal diets.

scholarly journals Surface-Subface Geochemical and Mineralogical Study of Gypcrete in Alexandria Area Central Iraq

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-592
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Arid Area ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Geochemical Properties ◽  
Soil Constituent ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Soil Deposits ◽  
Mineralogical Study ◽  
Clay Matrix ◽  
The Common ◽  
Clay Materials

Gypsiferous soil deposits (Gypcrete) are weakly consolidate earthy mixture of secondary gypsum, sand and clay. It is formed in arid and semi- arid area with annual precipitation rainfall less than 400mm. These sediments occur in surface and subsurface in region of little rainfall and rapid evaporation. This research deals with the study of gypcrete in Alexandria to improve the mineralogical and geochemical properties of the gypcrete. The gypcrete soil is used as raw material to produce the plaster for building purposes. Three samples of gypcrete were chemically and geochemically analyzed. The common mineral is howed in 0-0.5m Gypsum followed by Calcite in 0-1m and Quartz in 1-1.5m due to leaching and infiltration by rainfall as well as it full the clay Matrix and the voids between soil constituent, therefore soil properties changes with depth and the clay materials increases such as (Al, Na and K oxides) and Gypsum compound decreases (Ca, S and Sr oxides), yet the change in element concentration, takes the same path. This indicate that annual season rainfall is the only factor affecting mineralogy in this arid area and this means that the Gypsum concentration cannot be affected by ground water either increasing or decreasing. This research concerns about mineralogy and element occurrence variation in this material with accordance to their concentration from surface to depth of 1.5 meter.

scholarly journals Copper technology in the Arabah during the Iron Age and the role of the indigenous population in the industry

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260518
Author(s):  
David Luria
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Copper Industry ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
External Intervention

Following the Egyptian withdrawal in the mid-12th century BCE from their involvement in the Arabah copper production, and after an additional period of organization, the degree of copper efficiency and production at Timna and Faynan increased in the Early Iron Age (11th–9th centuries), rendering the region the largest and most advanced smelting centre in the Levant. The existing paradigm offered as an explanation for this technical and commercial success is based on extraneous influence, namely, the campaign of Pharaoh Sheshonq I near the end of the 10th century BCE that spurred a renewed Egyptian involvement in the Arabah copper industry. An alternative paradigm is suggested here, viewing the advances in Arabah copper technology and production as a linear development and the outcome of continuous and gradual indigenous improvements on the part of local craftsmen, with no external intervention. Behind these outstanding technical achievements stood excellent managerial personnel, supported by an innovative technical team. They employed two techniques for copper-production optimization that can be defined based on concepts taken from the world of modern industrial engineering: (i) "trial and error", in which the effect of each production variable was tested individually and separately, and (ii) "scaling-up", in which the size of some production elements (i.e., tuyère) was increased by using existing techniques which required minimum developmental costs and experimental risks.

scholarly journals Bio-chemical methods in wasteprocessing

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kušnierová ◽  
Vladimír Šepelák ◽  
Ol'ga Šestinová
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Ferrite ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Waste Sludge ◽  
Sorbent Regeneration ◽  
Metallurgical Wastes ◽  
Aluminium Production ◽  
Regeneration Processes

Bio-chemical methods in wasteprocessing The mineral biotechnologies, the domain of which is primary raw material processing, are increasingly diversifying into some metallurgical areas. The presented results of the research carried out with metallurgical wastes from aluminium production, lead waste remaking and desulphurization zinc-ferrite-based sorbents regeneration prove the possibility of the use of bio-chemical methods. The results obtained and the proposed technologies applying bio-chemical processes enable a complex processing and use of waste sludge from aluminium production and the use of wastes from matte-based copper production for the production of hematite pigments. The use of microorganisms in the desulphurization sorbent regeneration processes allows to increase sorbent's efficiency and its repeated recycling.

scholarly journals The Kupferschiefer Deposits and Prospects in SW Poland: Past, Present and Future

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Oszczepalski ◽  
Stanisław Speczik ◽  
Krzysztof Zieliński ◽  
Andrzej Chmielewski
Keyword(s):  
Copper Production ◽  
Copper Industry ◽  
Geological Exploration ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Copper Deposits ◽  
Ore Processing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sw Poland ◽  
Stratiform Copper Deposits ◽  
Definition Of

Polish sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits associated with Zechstein sediments are one of the country’s most valuable natural resources and the basis for its copper industry. The paper presents the history of their research and current exploration. Although documented deposits and their identified resources are described and characterized, much attention is paid to areas located outside of them, including those where geological exploration is currently underway. The gradual depletion of shallow Cu–Ag reserves in the Lubin-Sieroszowice district and elsewhere in the world requires exploration for deeper-seated deposits. To expand resources, time span and scale of copper production in Poland, exploration and definition of new prospects is of great importance. Thirty-five prospective areas with hypothetical and speculative resources have been delineated in SW Poland, including the most prospective areas adjacent to the Cu–Ag Lubin-Sieroszowice deposit. The paper also focuses on those parts of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline where new copper deposits were recently identified. Their resources are described along with the methodology of establishing their boundaries, which differs from recommended Polish threshold parameters not taking into account the depths exceeding 1500 m. Intelligent modern mining and ore processing technologies are considered as a prerequisite for future profitable development of deposits at deeper levels.

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