scholarly journals Assessing the quantitative impact of ecosystem shifts on human societies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Amano ◽  
Catherine E. Richards ◽  
William J Sutherland ◽  
Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Green Tides ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Quantitative Impact ◽  
Broad Spatial Scale

A wide range of ecosystems have been reported to show abrupt and drastic shifts in their states. Such shifts in ecosystem states, typically known as regime shifts, are hardly predictable and not readily reversible once they have taken place, and can have considerable impacts on human societies that are dependent on those ecosystems. Nevertheless, earlier studies have rarely quantified the consequences of ecosystem shifts for human societies, instead focusing largely on identifying the occurrence of shifts, understanding drivers and mechanisms, and developing early warning signals for forecasting. We address this knowledge gap by searching for scientific evidence on the quantitative impacts of ecosystem shifts on human societies. Based on a set of pre-defined search criteria we identified a total of 92 papers that discussed particular ecosystem shifts and associated impacts. The number of papers reporting ecosystem shifts and associated impacts has considerably increased over the past 20 years, indicating a recent rise in the interest in the issue among scientific communities. The 92 papers reported state shifts in a wide range of ecosystems, with marine ecosystem shifts reported most frequently (in 22 papers), followed by shifts in wetland (18 papers) and forest (10 papers) ecosystems. Climate change was by far the most frequently reported driver of ecosystem shifts (reported in 32 papers), followed by land use change (12 papers) and nutrient inputs (nine papers). Only 17 (18%) out of the 92 papers described the quantitative consequences of ecosystem shifts for human societies. Estimated economic consequences ranged from 5 million US dollars per year relating to eutrophication of Swedish coastal waters, to costs of 200 billion US dollars linked to macro-algal green tides along the Qingdao coast. We found that our knowledge of quantitative impacts of ecosystem shifts on human societies is still severely limited, especially in terms of risks to human health and survival and, at a broad spatial scale, where multiple ecosystem shifts could interact to exacerbate the extent or severity of their impacts.

scholarly journals COMMENTS TO THE PRACTICAL USE OF THE RUSSIAN CLINICALRECOMMENDATIONS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-46
Author(s):  
O. B. Ershova ◽  
O. V. Ershova
Keyword(s):  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Osteoporotic Bone ◽  
Treatment Of Osteoporosis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Osteoporosis Research

Osteoporosis is one of the most socially significant chronic noninfectious diseases. This is due to its high prevalence and medical, social and economic consequences from osteoporotic bone fractures. The problem of osteoporosis is intensively studied in Russia for the past 15 years. Taking into account the peculiarities of the osteoporotic process (gradual, protracted, oligosymptomatic beginning, multifactorial origin, need for prolonged treatment to achieve effectiveness, wide range of drug treatment options etc.) and remaining lack of knowledge and experience of practitioners in view of the swift progress in osteoporosis research, we consider the importance of unity in approach to diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis for doctors of all specialities. These prompted Russian experts to develop the first Russian Clinical Recommendations for osteoporosis that were published in 2005 and reviewed in 2009.

Prevention of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia in women of reproductive age

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-458
Author(s):  
Mekan R. Orazov ◽  
Ljudmila M. Mihaleva ◽  
Roman E. Orekhov ◽  
Irina A. Mullina
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Hyperplasia ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Personalized Approach ◽  
Excessive Proliferation

Objective of this review is a systematic analysis of the data available in the current literature on the efficacy and safety of progestogens for the prevention of atypical endometrial hyperplasia (EH) in patients of reproductive age. EH is an excessive proliferation that results in increased volume and changes in endometrial tissue architectonics with an increase in the endometrial glands to stroma ratio of more than 1:1. This review will consider the use of progestogens for the prevention of (EH) based on evidence-based scientific evidence over the past 5 years. The expansion of the range of effective treatment options allows the adaptation of treatment to the needs of patients and offers a personalized approach to their management. Progestogens are an effective and safe method for the prevention of atypical hyperplasia, with a wide range of therapeutic benefits associated with reliable favorable fertility prognosis, especially in young women.

Hormesis and radiation safety norms: Comments for an update

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1233-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
SV Jargin
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Radiation Background ◽  
Dna Damage And Repair ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range

Hormesis can be explained by evolutionary adaptation to the current level of a factor present in the natural environment or to some average from the past. This pertains also to ionizing radiation as the natural background has been decreasing during the time of the life existence. DNA damage and repair are normally in a dynamic balance. The conservative nature of the DNA repair suggests that cells may have retained some capability to repair damage from higher radiation levels than that existing today. According to this concept, the harm caused by radioactive contamination would tend to zero with a dose rate tending to a wide range level of the natural radiation background. Existing evidence in favor of hormesis is substantial, experimental data being partly at variance with results of epidemiological studies. Potential bias, systematic errors, and motives to exaggerate risks from low-dose low-rate ionizing radiation are discussed here. In conclusion, current radiation safety norms are exceedingly restrictive and should be revised on the basis of scientific evidence. Elevation of the limits must be accompanied by measures guaranteeing their observance.

Optical Properties of HVEM Accelerators

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
A. Strojnik ◽  
J.W. Scholl ◽  
V. Bevc
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Electron Accelerator ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Electron Source ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Optical Behavior

The electron accelerator, as inserted between the electron source (injector) and the imaging column of the HVEM, is usually a strong lens and should be optimized in order to ensure high brightness over a wide range of accelerating voltages and illuminating conditions. This is especially true in the case of the STEM where the brightness directly determines the highest resolution attainable. In the past, the optical behavior of accelerators was usually determined for a particular configuration. During the development of the accelerator for the Arizona 1 MEV STEM, systematic investigation was made of the major optical properties for a variety of electrode configurations, number of stages N, accelerating voltages, 1 and 10 MEV, and a range of injection voltages ϕ0 = 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 kV).

Pursuit of the Abscopal Effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 369-372
Author(s):  
Paul B. Romesser ◽  
Christopher H. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Immunology ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Immune Modulators ◽  
Cancer Subtypes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tumor Irradiation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tumor Recognition

AbstractEvasion of immune recognition is a hallmark of cancer that facilitates tumorigenesis, maintenance, and progression. Systemic immune activation can incite tumor recognition and stimulate potent antitumor responses. While the concept of antitumor immunity is not new, there is renewed interest in tumor immunology given the clinical success of immune modulators in a wide range of cancer subtypes over the past decade. One particularly interesting, yet exceedingly rare phenomenon, is the abscopal response, characterized by a potent systemic antitumor response following localized tumor irradiation presumably attributed to reactivation of antitumor immunity.

The Many Pasts of Detective Fiction

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Thomas Leitch
Keyword(s):  
Detective Fiction ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Public History ◽  
Detective Novel ◽  
Sherlock Holmes ◽  
Detective Story ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Detective Novels ◽  
The Many

Building on Tzvetan Todorov's observation that the detective novel ‘contains not one but two stories: the story of the crime and the story of the investigation’, this essay argues that detective novels display a remarkably wide range of attitudes toward the several pasts they represent: the pasts of the crime, the community, the criminal, the detective, and public history. It traces a series of defining shifts in these attitudes through the evolution of five distinct subgenres of detective fiction: exploits of a Great Detective like Sherlock Holmes, Golden Age whodunits that pose as intellectual puzzles to be solved, hardboiled stories that invoke a distant past that the present both breaks with and echoes, police procedurals that unfold in an indefinitely extended present, and historical mysteries that nostalgically fetishize the past. It concludes with a brief consideration of genre readers’ own ambivalent phenomenological investment in the past, present, and future each detective story projects.

Nine Centuries of Man

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Court Records ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Police Reports ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Scottish History ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

What did it mean to be a man in Scotland over the past nine centuries? Scotland, with its stereotypes of the kilted warrior and the industrial ‘hard man’, has long been characterised in masculine terms, but there has been little historical exploration of masculinity in a wider context. This interdisciplinary collection examines a diverse range of the multiple and changing forms of masculinities from the late eleventh to the late twentieth century, exploring the ways in which Scottish society through the ages defined expectations for men and their behaviour. How men reacted to those expectations is examined through sources such as documentary materials, medieval seals, romances, poetry, begging letters, police reports and court records, charity records, oral histories and personal correspondence. Focusing upon the wide range of activities and roles undertaken by men – work, fatherhood and play, violence and war, sex and commerce – the book also illustrates the range of masculinities that affected or were internalised by men. Together, the chapters illustrate some of the ways Scotland’s gender expectations have changed over the centuries and how, more generally, masculinities have informed the path of Scottish history

Free but fragile: Human relations amidst poverty and HIV in democratic South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Christina Landman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Predominantly White ◽  
Black People ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
White People ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Black Township

Dullstroom-Emnotweni is the highest town in South Africa. Cold and misty, it is situated in the eastern Highveld, halfway between the capital Pretoria/Tswane and the Mozambique border. Alongside the main road of the white town, 27 restaurants provide entertainment to tourists on their way to Mozambique or the Kruger National Park. The inhabitants of the black township, Sakhelwe, are remnants of the Southern Ndebele who have lost their land a century ago in wars against the whites. They are mainly dependent on employment as cleaners and waitresses in the still predominantly white town. Three white people from the white town and three black people from the township have been interviewed on their views whether democracy has brought changes to this society during the past 20 years. Answers cover a wide range of views. Gratitude is expressed that women are now safer and HIV treatment available. However, unemployment and poverty persist in a community that nevertheless shows resilience and feeds on hope. While the first part of this article relates the interviews, the final part identifies from them the discourses that keep the black and white communities from forming a group identity that is based on equality and human dignity as the values of democracy.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODICALS IN NAMANGAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Dildora Alinazarova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Printing House

In this article, based on an analysis of a wide range of sources, discusses the emergence and development of periodicals and printing house in Namangan. The activities of Ibrat- as the founder of the first printing house in Namangan are considered. In addition, it describes the functioning and development of "Matbaai Ishokia" in the past and present

Chinese Medicine Protein and Peptide in Gene and Cell Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinlu Feng ◽  
Zifei Yin ◽  
Daniel Zhang ◽  
Arun Srivastava ◽  
Chen Ling
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Gene And Cell Therapy ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

The success of gene and cell therapy in clinic during the past two decades as well as our expanding ability to manipulate these biomaterials are leading to new therapeutic options for a wide range of inherited and acquired diseases. Combining conventional therapies with this emerging field is a promising strategy to treat those previously-thought untreatable diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has evolved for thousands of years in China and still plays an important role in human health. As part of the active ingredients of TCM, proteins and peptides have attracted long-term enthusiasm of researchers. More recently, they have been utilized in gene and cell therapy, resulting in promising novel strategies to treat both cancer and non-cancer diseases. This manuscript presents a critical review on this field, accompanied with perspectives on the challenges and new directions for future research in this emerging frontier.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document