scholarly journals The Role of the Greco-Roman Practice as a Progenitor of the Armenian and Eastern Roman Ornamental Art

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selim Onat ◽  
Mehmet Erbudak
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Dimensional Scaling ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Symmetry Properties ◽  
Euclidean Distances ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ornamental Art ◽  
Common Era ◽  
Multi Dimensional Scaling

We investigate two-dimensional, periodic ornaments of the Late Hellenistic (some centuries before the Common Era, the Classical Period) and Early Roman (Common Era) classical periods found at different locations in Asia Minor in Turkey and classify them into mathematical wallpaper groups based on their symmetry properties. The source material comes from Terrace Houses in Ephesus, Izmir, from Zeugma, now in the Zeugma Museum, Gaziantep, and from the recently released bathing pool in Antiochia ad Cragum near Gazipa ̧sa, Antalya. Using the artifacts we first determine the occurrence of each symmetry group. Then we compare this distribution with those of the medieval cultures of the Middle East, namely the Armenian, Byzantine, Arab and Seljuk Turks, calculating in pairs the Euclidean distances of the wallpaper distributions. The subsequent multi-dimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis of the results confirm that the Armenian and Byzantine artworks are strongly inspired by the classical masterpieces, as is the Seljuk creation by the Arabs.

Marriage and Sexual Relations in the New Testament World

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Loader
Keyword(s):  
Roman Society ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The Social ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Many ◽  
Marital Sex ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Common Understanding

After a brief overview of the social context and role of marriage and sexuality in Jewish and Greco-Roman cultures, the chapter traces the impact of the Genesis creation narratives, positively and negatively, on how marriage and sexuality were seen both in the present and in depictions of hope for the future. Discussion of pre-marital sex, incest, intermarriage, polygyny, divorce, adultery, and passions follows. It then turns to Jesus’ reported response to divorce, arguing that the prohibition sayings should be read as assuming that sexual intercourse both effects permanent union and severs previous unions, thus making divorce after adultery mandatory, the common understanding and legal requirement in both Jewish and Greco-Roman society of the time. It concludes by noting both the positive appreciation of sex and marriage, grounded in belief that they are God’s creation, and the many dire warnings against sexual wrongdoing, including adulterous attitudes and uncontrolled passions.

scholarly journals Analisis Keberlanjutan Dimensi Sosial Budaya Usahatani Padi Sawah di Kabupaten Siak Provinsi Riau

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Rachmiwati Yusuf ◽  
Usman Pato ◽  
Usman M Tang ◽  
Rahman Karnila Karnila
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Dimensional Scaling ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Interviewing Techniques ◽  
Multi Dimensional Scaling

The study was conducted from January to July 2018 in four sub-districts (Bunga Raya, Sabak Auh, Sungai Apit and Sungai Mandau) in Siak Regency. The sample of farmers in this study were 203 people who were selected by purposive sampling. Data collection was done by interviewing techniques using questionnaires and field observations. The analysis of the sustainability of lowland rice farming was carried out based on the assessment of index and sustainability status using the Rap-Rice method in Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS). The purpose of this study was to analyze the index and the status of sustainability of the socio-cultural dimensions of wetland farming and analyze the role of each of the socio-cultural attributes that have sensitivity to the management of rice farming in the future. The results of Rap-Rice analysis of the seven socio-cultural attributes analyzed, two attributes provide sensitivity to the District (Bunga Raya, Sabak Auh and Sungai Mandau). Four attributes give sensitivity to Sungai Apit District. The attribute that gives sensitivity to all sub-districts is the attribute of attending training / counseling. Based on socio-cultural conditions, the analysis of wetland rice farming in Siak District showed a fairly sustainable category for Bunga Raya District (56.7%), Sabak Auh (50.80%) and Sungai Mandau (51.10%) while for Sungai Apit Subdistrict the value was obtained (47.70%) or less sustainable .

Immortality in ancient philosophy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tad Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Contrary View ◽  
Metaphysical Question ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Era ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Ancient Usage ◽  
First Offers

In Greco-Roman philosophy immortality is discussed in two contexts: as an uncontroversial attribute of the gods and as a highly controversial attribute of human souls. Subdividing this latter topic, one may discern a more metaphysical question about whether every human soul as such is immortal in virtue of its nature or essence, and a more ethical topic about whether certain souls may enjoy a greater degree or share of immortality through adopting a certain mode of life. (This sub-topic is joined to the first main topic, to the extent that the virtuous agent’s approximation to immortality is part of their imitation of god or homoiōsis theōi). Several Presocratic philosophers held that human souls are immortal, but it is Plato who first offers extensive arguments for this claim, as well as extensive reflections on the ethical import of personal immortality. Aristotle’s psychology leaves little room for the soul’s immortality, and it remains controversial whether he wished to leave any whatsoever. Discussions of immortality and its ethical consequences are similarly downplayed in surviving Stoic sources. The Epicureans gleefully argued the contrary view that a virtuous outlook depends on our conviction that we are irredeemably mortal. Only with the resurgence of Platonism in the Common Era does the soul’s immortality become once again a commonplace among philosophers. The connection between this and the Christian belief in resurrection is complicated. It is presumably due to the ascendancy of this double legacy that current popular usage counts it as nearly tautological that souls are immortal, but acknowledges a real question of whether human beings have souls, where ancient usage accepted as a near tautology that all living beings have souls, but admitted wide dispute over whether souls are immortal or not.

scholarly journals Similarity in Symmetry Groups of Ornaments as a Measure for Cultural Interactions in Medieval Times

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Erbudak ◽  
Selim Onat
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Symmetry Groups ◽  
Dimensional Scaling ◽  
Symmetry Properties ◽  
Art Practices ◽  
Scaling Algorithms ◽  
Multi Dimensional Scaling ◽  
Wallpaper Groups

The symmetry properties of an ornament contain information about its civilisation and its interactions with other cultural sources. Two-dimensional periodic ornaments can be strictly classified into mathematical wallpaper groups. The collection of ornaments thus classified for a civilisation is characteristic of the cultural group and serves as a fingerprint to identify that group. If the distribution of wallpaper groups is available for several societies, multi-dimensional scaling algorithms can be applied to determine similarities and differences between the art practices of these communities. This method allows a systematic approach to the general ornamental practices within a culture and their interactions in the form of similarity of fingerprints. We test the feasibility of the method on examples of medieval Armenians, Byzantium, Seljuks first in Persia and then in Anatolia and among Arabs in the Middle East. For this purpose we present the distribution of the planar ornaments and calculate the corresponding Pearson correlation coefficients in pairs. The results suggest an intense interaction between the Seljuk Turks and Arab craftsmen, as well as between Armenian and Byzantine artisans who made the ornaments.

Food in the Rabbinic Era

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-82
Author(s):  
David C. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
Biblical Law ◽  
Rabbinic Judaism ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Dietary Laws ◽  
Eating Practices ◽  
Common Era

Jews continued to live in the Mediterranean region during the first ten centuries of the Common Era, and their diet remained based around the Mediterranean triad of wine, olive oil, and bread. Because the Israelite system of sacrificial worship ended at the end of the first century CE, the role of food in the economy and religion changed significantly. Religious scholars known as rabbis emerged and expanded the biblical concept of Torah and the scope of biblical law and produced an abundant literature—including the Talmud—representing their traditions, opinions, practices, and halakha (practical Jewish law). They developed food blessings and rituals for daily, Sabbath, and holiday observances as well as kashrut, the Jewish dietary laws, which restricted food choices, combinations, and foods prepared by non-Jews. By the end of this era, Jews appear to have accepted Rabbinic Judaism and were distinctive in their eating practices and food-centered rituals.

Temples and Traders in Palmyra

2020 ◽  
pp. 461-480
Author(s):  
Leonardo Gregoratti
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City ◽  
Common Era ◽  
The Silk Road ◽  
Sources Of Capital

As is generally known, during the first three centuries of the Common Era, the Syrian city of Palmyra played a fundamental role in the trade between Asia and the Mediterranean area, to the point that it became the most important trade centre along the western section of the Silk Road. The different roles of merchants and businessmen involved in the Palmyrene caravan trade has been the subject of studies over a long period. What is still an elusive element is the role of capital in the Palmyrene trading system, that is to say the money used to organize the merchant expeditions and to buy the goods coming from the East. Besides, the very nature of the caravan trade implied long and dangerous journeys, which rendered the investment rather risky. On the other hand, a large profit was gained once the goods had reached Roman territory. In order to identify the possible sources of capital in Palmyrene society, that is to say the groups and the institutions able to provide the initial money necessary for the trade activity, this paper investigates the relations between merchant classes and sanctuaries. The many dedications made by traders and private citizens to the city sanctuaries, and the frequent presence of religious figures among the trading families’ members, seem to suggest that the numerous temples of Palmyra played a role in the commercial trade as holders of capital, which could be lent and employed in the activity of trade.

The Political Functions of (Premodern) Courts and Procedure and Questions of Comparative Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-946
Author(s):  
Amalia D. Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Rabbinic Literature ◽  
The Political ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Era ◽  
Roman Palestine

Orit Malka's Disqualified Witnesses, Between Tannaitic Halakha and Roman Law is structured around a puzzle. Why did the rabbinic literature produced in Roman Palestine in the early centuries of the Common Era identify a list of four seemingly disparate types of people—dice-players, usurers, pigeon-flyers, and traders in Seventh Year produce—as disqualified from giving testimony in court? This argument has important implications, I suggest, for all legal systems—like most throughout history—that are not structured around a modern, positivist conception of law and of the role of courts.

scholarly journals Origin of tuberculosis in the Paleolithic predicts unprecedented population growth and female resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere-Joan Cardona ◽  
Martí Català ◽  
Clara Prats
Keyword(s):  
Current Data ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Sex Dimorphism ◽  
Human Female ◽  
Female Resistance ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Era

AbstractCurrent data estimate the origin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MtbC) infection around 73,000 years before the common era (BCE), and its evolution to “modern” lineages around 46,000 BCE. Being MtbC a major killer of humanity, the question is how both species could persist. To answer this question, we have developed two new epidemiological models (SEIR type), adapted to sex dimorphism and comparing coinfection and superinfection for different MtbC lineages. We have attributed a higher resistance/tolerance to females to explain the lower incidence noted in this sex, a better health status in the Paleolithic compared to the Neolithic, and a higher dissemination of “modern” lineages compared to “ancient” ones. Our findings show the extraordinary impact caused by “modern” lineages, provoking the extinction of the groups infected. This could only be overcomed by an unprecedented population increase (x20 times in 100 years) and helped with the protection generated by previous infection with “ancient” lineages. Our findings also suggest a key role of female resistance against MtbC. This data obliges us to rethink the growth population parameters in the Paleolithic, which is crucial to understanding the survival of both MtbC and humans, and to decipher the nature of human female resistance against TB.

The Early Codex Book

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-398
Author(s):  
Timothy Stanley
Keyword(s):  
History Of The Book ◽  
Biblical Literature ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Sacred Literature ◽  
Common Era ◽  
Made In

In 1933 Frederic Kenyon was one of the first to note the early Christian addiction to codex books. As later scholars confirmed, Christian communities reproduced their sacred literature in a way that differed from the largely scrolled Greco-Roman bibliographic cultures of the first centuries of the Common Era. Book historians and scholars of biblical literature alike have developed a range of competing theories in order to better understand this peculiarity. By evaluating their claims, a number of clarifications can be made in order to demonstrate the codex’s sensitivity to Jewish scribal practices as well as its capacity to include a cosmopolitan diversity of texts. Through these clarifications the codex book form itself can provide vital interpretative insights into early biblical literature and the longer history of the book today.


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