scholarly journals The Need for Governmental Inefficiency in Plato’s Republic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gil Hersch
Keyword(s):  
Two Cities ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

In book II of Plato’s Republic, Socrates discusses the cities of necessity and luxury (372d-373a). Discussions of these cities have often focused on citizens desiring more than they need, which creates a demand for luxury. Yet the second part of the equation, which is not usually recognized, is that there must be sufficient supply to meet this demand. The focus of this article is on the importance of supply in the discussion of the first two cities in book II of the Republic. This article argues that the way Plato models the cities makes it the case that a surplus above levels of necessity will be generated from time to time. That the unwanted surplus cannot be spontaneously disposed of entails that the first two cities are institutionally incomplete. A government is needed in order to coordinate the disposal of the surplus supply the city will produce.

The Craft of Ruling in Plato's Euthydemus and Republic

Phronesis ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Parry
Keyword(s):  
Central Feature ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

AbstractWe will investigate the relation between the notion of the craft of ruling in the Euthydemus and in the Republic. In the Euthydemus, Socrates' search for an account of wisdom leads to his identifying it as the craft of ruling in the city. In the Republic, the craft of ruling in the city is the virtue of wisdom in the city and the analogue of wisdom in the soul. Still, the craft of ruling leads to aporia in the former dialogue while in the latter it is a central feature of Socrates' account of justice - both in the city and in the soul. Some commentators hold that the aporia at the end of the second protreptic interlude of the Euthydemus shows that Socrates' account of wisdom is fatally flawed and must be rejected. However, the difficulty for this position is that the craft of ruling from the Euthydemus is a hardy notion that plays an extremely important role in the Republic. Indeed, reflecting this fact, other commentators hold that the aporia is solved in the Republic. Still, what is so far missing is an analysis that clearly shows the way to this solution in the Republic. In what follows, we will analyze the two protreptic interludes in the Euthydemus in order to see how the aporia arises. As we shall see, Socrates presents the aporia as a labyrinth. Indeed, it is a labyrinth with a little noticed step that - once it is noticed - shows the way out. The result will be that the aporia of the Euthydemus points to a solution in which ruling in the soul implies a command of one's appetites and emotions.

scholarly journals On the city brand development: city style as a city brand dimension

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
A. P. Sadullaeva ◽  
G. K. Baizhaksynova
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
City Brand ◽  
Brand Development ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Aesthetic Aspect ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

The article discusses the issues of the development of the city brand. The main purpose of the study was to identify the factors and components that contribute to the development of the city brand. The city brand model of Thomas Gad has been taken as a theoretical basis of the study. This model describes four dimensions of a city brand: mental, spiritual, social and functional. The author of the article has made an attempt to describe and add one more dimension to above-mentioned model-the dimension of “city style” with its visual and aesthetic aspect. The literature review has been conducted in order to clarify the concepts of “brand” and “city brand”. The questionnaire has been carried out among residents of two cities of Kazakhstan to identify the influence of the city style on the recognition of the city. The above is the theoretical and practical contribution of this study to the development and formation of the city’s brand. The proposal of the author of the study to develop design codes for cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan is of applied importance.

scholarly journals From the History of the Conservatory Creation in Azerbaijan

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-247
Author(s):  
Naira Gulamova
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
National Anthem ◽  
Educational Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

This article is devoted to the first conservatory creation of the Muslim East, which was opened in the city of Baku on August 26, 1921. In itself, this remarkable fact testifies to the difficulties that arose on the way to creating this Higher Musical Educational Institution in Baku. The article consistently highlights the most important facts related to the opening and activities of the conservatory. It is important to emphasize that despite all the difficulties that arise along the way, Uz. Hajibeyli and his associates persistently went to their cherished dream – the creation of the first conservatory in Baku. The purpose of the research is to identify the conditions in which the first conservatory of the Muslim East was created. Uz. Hajibeyli took years of consistent work to create that strong foundation on which the building of the conservatory was erected, now BMA named after. Uz. Hajibeyli. Note that August 26, 2021, marks the 100th anniversary of the first conservatory in Azerbaijan founding. The research methodology is based on genuine historical facts with which the activities of Uzeyir Hajibeyli were associated in the process of creating the conservatory. The scientific novelty of the research is associated with some facts of Uz. Hajibeyli’s life, which were not mentioned at all in Soviet times. All these facts, one way or another, come out of the time of the existence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. The ADR national anthem was written by Uz. Hajibeyli. It is also the anthem of modern Azerbaijan. Conclusions. The approaching centenary anniversary of the first conservatory in Azerbaijan allows not only to evaluate the path it has travelled but also to pay tribute to its creator, Uzeyirbek Hajibeyli, the founder of Azerbaijani professional music, a great visionary who consistently leads Azerbaijani music along the path of progress and conquest of heights in composing, performing and educational processes in the republic.

scholarly journals THE NEED FOR GOVERNMENTAL INEFFICIENCY IN PLATO’S REPUBLIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Gil Hersch
Keyword(s):  
Two Cities ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

In Book II of Plato’s Republic, Socrates discusses the cities of necessity and luxury (372d–373a). Discussions of these cities have often focused on citizens desiring more than they need, which creates a demand for luxury. Yet the second part of the equation, which is not usually recognized, is that there must be sufficient supply to meet this demand. The focus of this article is on the importance of supply in the discussion of the first two cities in Book II of the Republic. This article argues that the way Plato models the cities makes it the case that a surplus above levels of necessity will be generated from time to time. That the unwanted surplus cannot be spontaneously disposed of entails that the first two cities are institutionally incomplete. A government is needed in order to coordinate the disposal of the surplus supply the city will produce.

Conclusions and Test Cases

2019 ◽  
pp. 224-250
Author(s):  
Virginia M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

Chapter 5 explores the odes for Psaumis of Kamarina and Ergoteles of Himera. After a brief survey of the history of the two cities and the cultural context for the poems, the chapter then argues that Psaumis and Ergoteles offer contrasting examples of the way that Pindar mitigates the status of hybrid citizens in Sicily by writing the victors themselves into their local landscapes and civic ideology that is bound to the landscape. As examples of an immigrant (Ergoteles) and, at least possibly, a Greek of Sikel ethnicity (Psaumis), Ergoteles and Psaumis contrast with the tyrants Hieron and Theron. The poet, it suggests, emphasizes Psaumis’ control of both the landscape and cityscape of Kamarina in Olympian 4 and Olympian 5 and converts him into a quasi-mythical benefactor of the city. On the other hand, Ergoteles, an exiled Cretan, is integrated into the civic fabric of Himera through a bath in the hot springs of the Nymphs. This chapter proposes that Pindar’s emphasis on landscape in the Sicilian odes is a feature that transcends the divide between tyrant and non-tyrant victors. As in the odes for Syracusans and Akragantines, local landscapes in the odes for Kamarina and Himera participate in the formation of civic traditions. It argues, however, that in the cases of odes for victors who are themselves establishing their civic status the victor himself becomes affiliated with the local landscape through Pindar’s poetry.

Post Earthquake Reconstruction Regulation by Local Government

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-223
Author(s):  
James E. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Loma Prieta Earthquake ◽  
Technical Content ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Earthquake Reconstruction ◽  
The Way

Decisions regarding reconstruction of earthquake damaged buildings are crucial to the effectiveness of a community's recovery and to its future safety. Two California cities are the focus of a comparison of the formulation and results of reconstruction policies and standards following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The Town of Los Gatos and the City of Oakland are very different in size and demography but suffered similar levels of earthquake damage. The technical content of the repair standards and the methods of administration adopted by these two cities provide a contrast in the way local governments handle these issues in the post-earthquake environment. A summary and comparison of the effectiveness of these standards is provided and recommendations are included for efforts to assist and prepare others to establish effective and balanced post-earthquake reconstruction policy.

Le plaisir dans la cite platonicienne

Chôra ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Olivier Renaut ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Program ◽  
Political Control ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Issue ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

This article aims at showing that the definition of pleasure in Plato’s dialogues cannot be separated from a political educational program and an anthropology that consider pleasure as the main vehicle towards virtue. The political use of pleasure is as important as its definition, insofar as its manifestation and content are the prerogatives of the legislator. All pleasures are politically meaningful in the Republic and in the Laws, and among them especially the triad hunger, thirst and sex ; in making pleasures a “public” issue, as pleasures are object of surveillance and political control, Plato gives several means in order to shape the way pleasures are felt in the city, and in order to make the community of pleasure and pain a fundamental role in unifying the city under the reason’s commands.

Hygienic assessment of learning environment conditions (by the example of higher educational institutions of the city of Ufa)

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-411
Author(s):  
Elena Ju. Gorbatkova
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Higher Educational Institutions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
The Republic ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The City

Introduction. The important factors affecting health and performance of young people are the conditions of education, in particular, a comfortable microclimate in the classrooms of higher educational institutions. Materials and methods. In view of the urgency of this problem, an analysis was made of the microclimate parameters of educational organizations of different profiles (Ufa city, the Republic of Bashkortostan). 294 classrooms were studied in 22 buildings of 4 leading universities in Ufa. A total of 3,822 measurements were taken to determine the parameters of the microclimate. The analysis of ionizing radiation in the aerial environment of classrooms. There was performed determination of radon and its affiliated products content. In order to assess the conditions and lifestyle of students of 4 higher educational institutions of the city of Ufa, we conducted an anonymous survey of 1,820 students of I and IV years of education. Results. The average temperature in the classrooms of all universities studied was 23.9±0.09 C. The average relative humidity in all classrooms was 34.2 ± 0.42%. Analysis of ionizing radiation (radon and its daughter products decay) in the aerial environment of the classrooms and sports halls located in the basement determined that the average annual equivalent equilibrium volumetric activity of the radon daughter products (EROA ± Δ222Rn) ranged from 28 ± 14 to 69 ± 34.5 meter, which meets the requirements established by SanPiN. Conclusion. The hygienic assessment of the microclimate parameters of educational institutions of various profile revealed a number of deviations from the regulated norms. The results indicate the need to control the parameters of the microclimate, both from the administration of universities, and from the professors. According to the results of the study, recommendations were prepared for the management of higher educational institutions in Ufa.

Drezno w relacjach polskich osiemnastowiecznych peregrynantów. Rekonesans .

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 26-43
Author(s):  
Marcin Pliszka
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

The article analyses descriptions, memories, and notes on Dresden found in eighteenth-century accounts of Polish travellers. The overarching research objective is to capture the specificity of the way of presenting the city. The ways that Dresden is described are determined by genological diversity of texts, different ways of narration, the use of rhetorical repertoire, and the time of their creation. There are two dominant ways of presenting the city: the first one foregrounds the architectural and historical values, the second one revolves around social life and various kinds of games (redoubts, performances).

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