scholarly journals The Pragmatic American Revisited: A Direct Replication of Pickett and Baker (2014)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Jones ◽  
Sean Patrick Roche
Keyword(s):  
Original Study ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Diverse Student ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Negative Relationships

In 2014, Pickett and Baker cast doubt on the scholarly consensus that Americans are pragmatic about criminal justice. Previous research suggested this pragmaticism was evidenced by either null or positive relationships between seemingly opposite items (i.e., between dispositional and situational crime attributions and between punitiveness and rehabilitative policy support). Pickett and Baker (2014) argued that because these studies worded survey items in the same positive direction, respondents’ susceptibility to acquiescence bias led to artificially inflated positive correlations. Using a simple split-ballot experiment, they manipulated the direction of survey items and demonstrated bidirectional survey items resulted in negative relationships between attributions and between support for punitive and rehabilitative policies. We replicated Pickett and Baker’s (2014) methodology with a nationally representative sample of American respondents supplemented by a diverse student sample. Our results were generally consistent, and, in many cases, effect sizes were stronger than those observed in the original study. Americans appear much less pragmatic when survey items are bidirectional. Yet, we suggest the use of bidirectional over unidirectional survey items trades one set of problems for another. Instead, to reduce acquiescence bias and improve overall data quality, we encourage researchers to adopt item-specific questioning.

scholarly journals A closer look at racial differences in the reporting of self-assessed health status and related concepts in South Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard D. Boyce ◽  
Geoff Harris
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Black African ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Self Assessed Health

South Africa’s populace is characterised by large differences in health, with vast inequalities between members of different groups that can be identified by using a number of tested health indicators, with self-assessed health (SAH) status amongst them. Generally, the average White person’s health, however measured, is considerably better than that of Black African persons with the health of Indian and Coloured persons somewhere between the two. Typically, this pattern is attributed to the continued association between race and socio-economic status.Recent empirical work conducted, however, seems to cast doubt on the validity of the assumption that SAH can be compared directly across members of different groups. In light of this concern, and the challenge which it poses to the interpretation of the results of much current South African empirical work, this article explores possible systematic differences with respect to the perception and reporting of SAH between members of different race groups in South Africa.Using data drawn from a nationally representative survey of approximately 3000 respondents, this study analysed racial differences in SAH alongside domain-specific SAH and attitudes to a number of health-related areas (e.g. reference groups, perceptions of main influences on health, etc.). The analysis revealed a number of differences when compared to the usual racialised pattern observed. It is held that these differences suggest that there might be a role for race to play in the assessment and reporting of SAH independently of its continued association with socio-economic status.OpsommingSuid-Afrikaners word gekenmerk deur groot verskille in die gesondheidsvlakke van die bevolking, met beduidende ongelykhede tussen die verskillende bevolkingsgroepe wat geïdentifiseer kan word met behulp van vele beproefde gesondheidsaanwysers, onder meer self-geassesseerde gesondheid (SAH)-status. Die gemiddelde Wit persoon se gesondheid is, nieteenstaande die maatstaf, aansienlik beter as dié van ‘n Swart-Afrikaanse person, met die gesondheid van die Indiër persoon en Kleurling persoon wat êrens tussen die twee groepe lê. Hierdie tendens word tipies toegeskryf aan die voortgesette assosiasie tussen ras en sosiaalekonomiese status.Onlangse empiriese werk werp egter twyfel op die geldigheid van die veronderstelling dat SAH van lede van verskillende groepe direk met mekaar vergelyk kan word. In die lig hiervan en die uitdaging wat dit inhou vir die interpretasie van die resultate van ‘n baie onlangse Suid-Afrikaanse empiriese studie, ondersoek hierdie artikel moontlike sistematiese verskille met betrekking tot die persepsie en rapportering van SAH tussen mense van verskillende rassegroepe in Suid-Afrika.Data vanuit ‘n nasionale verteenwoordigende opname van ongeveer 3000 respondente is in hierdie studie gebruik. Die studie ontleed hierdie rasseverskille in SAH tesame met die domeinspesifieke SAH asook die gesindhede ten opsigte van ’n aantal van die gesondheidsverwante gebiede (bv. verwysingsgroepe, die persepsies van die belangrikste invloede op gesondheid ens.) Die analise het ‘n aantal verskille getoon in vergelyking met die gewone patroon wat op ras gebaseer is. Daar is van mening dat hierdie verskille daarop dui dat ras dalk tog ‘n rol speel in die evaluering en rapportering van SAH, ongeag die voortgesette assosiasie met sosiaalekonomiese status.

scholarly journals Green consumption does not make people cheat: Three replications of a moral licensing experiment (more recent version was published in the Journal of Environmental Psychology: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.01.011)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Urban ◽  
Štěpán Bahník ◽  
Markéta Braun Kohlová
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Psychology ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Total N ◽  
Green Consumption ◽  
Moral Licensing ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Recent Version

A recent study (Mazar & Zhong, 2010) argued that green consumption may serve as a moral license and thus lead to subsequent dishonest behavior. In our three replications of the study (total N = 1,274), two of which were preregistered, participants’ level of green consumption was manipulated by having them purchase goods in either a green or conventional store. Three different tasks which allowed participants to cheat for monetary profit were used to measure dishonesty across the experiments. We found no effect of green consumption on subsequent honesty. These results cast doubt on the size of the effect found in the original study and suggest that green consumption is unlikely to trigger a cross-domain moral licensing effect.

scholarly journals Many Labs 5: Testing Pre-Data-Collection Peer Review as an Intervention to Increase Replicability

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Ebersole ◽  
Maya B. Mathur ◽  
Erica Baranski ◽  
Diane-Jo Bart-Plange ◽  
Nicholas R. Buttrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Expert Review ◽  
Science Collaboration

Replication studies in psychological science sometimes fail to reproduce prior findings. If these studies use methods that are unfaithful to the original study or ineffective in eliciting the phenomenon of interest, then a failure to replicate may be a failure of the protocol rather than a challenge to the original finding. Formal pre-data-collection peer review by experts may address shortcomings and increase replicability rates. We selected 10 replication studies from the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P; Open Science Collaboration, 2015) for which the original authors had expressed concerns about the replication designs before data collection; only one of these studies had yielded a statistically significant effect ( p < .05). Commenters suggested that lack of adherence to expert review and low-powered tests were the reasons that most of these RP:P studies failed to replicate the original effects. We revised the replication protocols and received formal peer review prior to conducting new replication studies. We administered the RP:P and revised protocols in multiple laboratories (median number of laboratories per original study = 6.5, range = 3–9; median total sample = 1,279.5, range = 276–3,512) for high-powered tests of each original finding with both protocols. Overall, following the preregistered analysis plan, we found that the revised protocols produced effect sizes similar to those of the RP:P protocols (Δ r = .002 or .014, depending on analytic approach). The median effect size for the revised protocols ( r = .05) was similar to that of the RP:P protocols ( r = .04) and the original RP:P replications ( r = .11), and smaller than that of the original studies ( r = .37). Analysis of the cumulative evidence across the original studies and the corresponding three replication attempts provided very precise estimates of the 10 tested effects and indicated that their effect sizes (median r = .07, range = .00–.15) were 78% smaller, on average, than the original effect sizes (median r = .37, range = .19–.50).

Brand community motives and their impact on brand community engagement: variations between diverse audiences

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Haverila ◽  
Caitlin McLaughlin ◽  
Kai Christian Haverila ◽  
Julio Viskovics
Keyword(s):  
Community Engagement ◽  
North American ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Brand Community ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brand Communities ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to compare two different sample populations (student and general) to determine the impact of brand community motives on brand community engagement.Design/methodology/approachTwo samples were drawn for the purpose of the current research. The first sample was drawn among the members of various brand communities from a general North American population sample (N = 503). The second sample was drawn purely from students, belonging to a variety of brand communities, from a middle-sized Canadian university (N = 195). Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to analyse the strength, significance and effect sizes of the relationships between brand community motive and engagement constructs.FindingsThe findings indicate that the impact of brand community motives varied by sample population. The information and entertainment motives were significantly related to brand community engagement in both sample populations with roughly equal effect sizes. The social integration motive was again significantly related to the brand community engagement construct in the student sample population – but not for the general North American general population sample. Further, the self-discovery motive and status enhancement motives were significantly related to brand community engagement in the North American sample, but not for the student sample. This indicates significant differences between the two sample populations.Originality/valueThe results of the current research demonstrate that student populations are significantly different from the general population regarding their motives towards brand communities. This indicates that brand community managers need to be aware of the motives of different brand community members and also that they need to exercise caution about utilizing purely student data to make decisions about brand community management.

scholarly journals Many Labs 5: Registered Replication of LoBue and DeLoache (2008)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana B. Lazarević ◽  
Danka Purić ◽  
Iris Žeželj ◽  
Radomir Belopavlović ◽  
Bojana Bodroža ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Screen Size ◽  
Total N ◽  
Threat Stimuli

Across three studies, LoBue and DeLoache (2008) provided evidence suggesting that both young children and adults exhibit enhanced visual detection of evolutionarily relevant threat stimuli (as compared with nonthreatening stimuli). A replication of their Experiment 3, conducted by Cramblet Alvarez and Pipitone (2015) as part of the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P), demonstrated trends similar to those of the original study, but the effect sizes were smaller and not statistically significant. There were, however, some methodological differences (e.g., screen size) and sampling differences (the age of recruited children) between the original study and the RP:P replication study. Additionally, LoBue and DeLoache expressed concern over the choice of stimuli used in the RP:P replication. We sought to explore the possible moderating effects of these factors by conducting two new replications—one using the protocol from the RP:P and the other using a revised protocol. We collected data at four sites, three in Serbia and one in the United States (total N = 553). Overall, participants were not significantly faster at detecting threatening stimuli. Thus, results were not supportive of the hypothesis that visual detection of evolutionarily relevant threat stimuli is enhanced in young children. The effect from the RP:P protocol ( d = −0.10, 95% confidence interval = [−1.02, 0.82]) was similar to the effect from the revised protocol ( d = −0.09, 95% confidence interval = [−0.33, 0.15]), and the results from both the RP:P and the revised protocols were more similar to those found by Cramblet Alvarez and Pipitone than to those found by LoBue and DeLoache.

scholarly journals Investigating the Determinants and Effects of Local Drought Awareness

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Switzer ◽  
Arnold Vedlitz
Keyword(s):  
Water Policy ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Opinion Formation ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Building Policy

Abstract Literature in environmental public opinion has recently focused on the linkages between biophysical conditions and opinion formation. Where environmental issues and weather are more severe, individuals have been shown to have greater perception of environmental risk and greater support for environmental protection. Perceptions, however, do not always reflect actual weather, and perceptions may actually matter more when it comes to the formation of opinions. This paper explores this possibility in the context of drought, examining what variables determine individual awareness of drought and further exploring how drought awareness influences risk perception and policy preferences. Using data from two nationally representative probability-based panel surveys, as well as data from the U.S. Drought Monitor, the analysis indicates that while drought severity is the largest predictor of drought awareness, ideological and demographic variables also play a role. Importantly, drought awareness is actually a stronger predictor of concern for water shortages and support for water policy than drought severity, showing that understanding what determines drought awareness may be crucial for building policy support.

scholarly journals Promoting Breastfeeding at the Start: Hospital Practices and Breastfeeding Initiation and Exclusivity Among Low-income Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 782-782
Author(s):  
Susana Matias ◽  
Laurel Moffat ◽  
Kelsey MacCuish
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Breastfeeding Initiation ◽  
Breastfeeding Support ◽  
Birth Mothers ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Survey Weighting ◽  
Hospital Practices

Abstract Objectives To determine whether hospital breastfeeding-related practices are associated with breastfeeding initiation (BF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) at discharge in a low-income population. Methods This is a secondary analysis of the Infant Toddler Feeding Practices Study II (ITFPS-2), a nationally representative sample of low-income mothers enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). This analysis included birth mothers who delivered at a hospital, whose infants did not spent time in the NICU, and had survey weighting data. BF and EBF (in women who initiated breastfeeding), hospital practices (rooming in, breastfeeding encouragement from staff, availability of staff who provided breastfeeding support, reception of gift pack, and among those who initiated breastfeeding, breastfeeding in the first hour and on demand, ) and sociodemographic data were collected via interview at 1 month postpartum. Logistic regression analysis, adjusting for maternal age, race and ethnicity, income, breastfeeding history, and delivery type, was conducted. We further adjusted for breastfeeding intentions, assessed in a sub-sample during pregnancy. Results The weighted analytic sample included 394,022 women (n = 311,355 for EBF). Rooming in was positively associated with BF (P &lt; 0.0001). Among those who initiated breastfeeding, doing so within the first hour was associated with EBF (P &lt; 0.0001). Breastfeeding encouragement from staff and availability of breastfeeding support staff were strongly associated with BF (both P &lt; 0.0001), but not with EBF (P = 0.74 and P = 0.08, respectively). Receiving a pro-formula gift pack was associated with a 40% and 50% reduction in the odds of BF and EBF, respectively (both P &lt; 0.0001). Further adjustment for breastfeeding intentions in a sub-sample (n = 250,665 for BF, n = 202,412 for EBF) provided similar findings. Conclusions Hospital practices were associated with breastfeeding practices, regardless of breastfeeding intentions. Limiting pro-formula gifts and providing breastfeeding support at hospitals, either directly or by creating an environment that allows for breastfeeding opportunities, may improve breastfeeding rates in the WIC population. Funding Sources The WIC ITFPS-2 is a federal study conducted under the direction of Office of Policy Support in the USDA FNS.

scholarly journals Urinary Phenols and Parabens Metabolites with Cardiovascular Disease in United States Adult

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Yin ◽  
Xu Zhu ◽  
Iokfai Cheang ◽  
Yufei Zhou ◽  
Shengen Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Attack ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Spline Regression ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract Environmental health has begun to examine the effects of higher-order chemical combinations. The current literature lacks studies exploring associations between multiple organic chemicals mixture and cardiometabolic disease (CVD). This study aimed to evaluate associations between urinary phenol and paraben metabolites and total and individual CVD among a nationally representative sample of adults in the US. This cross-sectional study analyzed 7 urinary chemicals detected among the general population from the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, n = 10,428). Multivariate logistic regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were applied to examine relationships between phenol and paraben metabolites, alone and combined, and total and individual CVD prevalence. WQS regression showed that phenol and paraben indices were independently correlated with total CVD (adjusted odds ratios [OR]: 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.06–1.28; P = 0.002), angina (adjusted OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.07–1.59; P = 0.009), and heart attack (adjusted OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.12–1.51, P < 0.001). Urinary bisphenol A (URBPA, weight = 0.636) was the most heavily weighted component in the total CVD model. Compared with the lowest quartile, URBPA (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.20–1.91; P = 0.001) levels in the highest quartile were independently associated with increased total CVD. Restricted cubic spline regression demonstrated positive correlations and non-linear associations between URBPA and both total CVD (P for nonlinearity = 0.032) and individual CVD (heart attack; P for nonlinearity = 0.031). Our findings suggested that high combined levels of phenols and parabens are associated with an increased CVD risk, with the URBPA contributing the highest risk.

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