scholarly journals Individual Subitizing Range (ISR)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Leibovich-Raveh ◽  
Daniel J. Lewis ◽  
Daniel Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Naming Task ◽  
Matlab Code ◽  
Subitizing Range ◽  
Number Naming

contains a matlab code for calculating individual subitizing range (ISR), instructions for using the code, and a ready to run experiment - number naming task that is suitable for both children and adults (requires OpenSesame 3.07).

Test of the Additive-Factor Method of Choice Reaction Time Analysis

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 607-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Stimulus Quality ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Factor Method ◽  
Translation Stage ◽  
Additive Factor Method ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Number Naming

In a test of Sternberg's (1969) additive-factor method of reaction time (RT) analysis, stimulus quality (intact, degraded), relative stimulus frequency (70:15:15), and S-R compatibility (naming, naming-plus-one), each had significant effects on RT in a number-naming task. Additivity of the means, variances, and third cumulants of RT for the quality and compatibility factors showed the RT components attributable to the two stages influenced by these two variables to be stochastically independent. Relative stimulus frequency interacted with both quality and compatibility in determining RT. It was concluded that the effect of stimulus quality arose at the stimulus encoding stage, and the effect of compatibility at the S-R translation stage, while the duration of both stages was influenced by relative stimulus frequency.

scholarly journals A new method for calculating individual subitizing ranges

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Leibovich-Raveh ◽  
Daniel Jacob Lewis ◽  
Saja Al-Rubaiey Kadhim ◽  
Daniel Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Large Body ◽  
New Method ◽  
Mathematical Abilities ◽  
Matlab Code ◽  
Easy Calculation ◽  
Subitizing Range ◽  
Human Adults

A large body of research has shown that human adults are fast and accurate at enumerating arrays of ~1-4 items. This phenomenon has been called subitizing. Above this range, enumeration is slower and less accurate. The subitizing range has been related to individual differences in variables such as mathematical abilities, working memory, etc. The two most common methods for calculating subitizing range today – bilinear fit and sigmoid fit – have their strengths and weaknesses. By combining these two methods, we overcome their biggest limitations and come up with a novel way for calculating Individual Subitizing Range (ISR). This paper introduces this new method as well as empirical studies designed to test the new method. We replicated classic effects from the literature and obtain a high correlation with the sigmoid fit method. This paper includes a Matlab code for easy calculation of ISR as well as a ready-to-use experimental file for testing ISR. We hope that these tools would be of use to researchers studying individual differences in the subitizing range.

The reliability of language-switch costs in bilingual one- and two-digit number naming

2020 ◽  
pp. 136700692095187
Author(s):  
Carla E Contreras-Saavedra ◽  
Iring Koch ◽  
Stefanie Schuch ◽  
Andrea M Philipp
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Digit Number ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The One ◽  
Number Naming

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: Language-switch costs, which denote worse performance in language-switch than in language-repetition trials, appear to be a robust finding in bilingual language switching. The aim of the present study was to examine the intraindividual reliability of language-switch costs by means of a number-naming task with German-English bilinguals. Design/methodology/approach: In a cued language-switching paradigm, participants ( n = 36) switched between German and English. They performed a number-naming task in three different conditions: one-digit numbers; two-digit numbers with decade 10; and two-digit numbers with decade 20. Data and analysis: We examined the experimental effects with an analysis of variance (reaction time and error rate as the dependent variables), using trial language, language sequence and number condition as independent variables. In addition, we calculated the split-half reliability of language-switch costs (across all conditions) as well as the correlations of language-switch costs between the different conditions. Findings/conclusions: While significant language-switch costs emerged in all three number conditions, our results demonstrate a medium-sized correlation between the three experimental conditions. The split-half reliability shows a moderate to strong correlation between the odd- and even-numbered trials in the experiment. Originality: On the one hand, the present study extends the observation of language-switch costs from one-digit number naming to the more complex naming of two-digit numbers. On the other hand, and theoretically even more important, we explored the reliability of language-switch costs in a bilingual number-naming task by calculating both split-half reliability and correlations between different number conditions. Significance/implications: The results indicated that while language-switch costs are a robust experimental effect on the group level, they appear to be less well suited for correlational approaches. This also suggests that caution should be exerted when language-switch costs are used to diagnose the ability of an individual to perform language control.

Multilingual two-digit number naming: The influence of composition rules on language switching

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1481-1494
Author(s):  
Carla E Contreras-Saavedra ◽  
Klaus Willmes ◽  
Iring Koch ◽  
Stefanie Schuch ◽  
Elena Benini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Number Word ◽  
Composition Rule ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Digit Number ◽  
Arabic Number ◽  
Number Naming

The aim of this study was to examine language switching in a two-digit number naming task. In contrast to single digits, two-digit numbers have a composition rule (i.e., morphological configuration) that may differ between languages. For example, the Arabic number 21 is read with an inverted composition rule in German (unit before decade) and a non-inverted composition rule in English (decade before unit). In the present experiment, one group of German native speakers and one group of Spanish native speakers had to name two-digit numbers in German, English, or Spanish. The results demonstrate a language-switch cost, revealing better performance in language repetition than in language-switch trials. This switch cost was further modulated by repeating or switching the composition rule, since the language repetition benefit (i.e., the switch cost) was reduced in trials with composition-rule switches compared with trials with composition-rule repetitions. This finding indicates that the language in which the number word has to be produced and its composition rule are not switched independently but rather may be integrated into one language schema.

A pilot exploratory study comparing the King-Devick test (KDT) during and between migraine attacks

Cephalalgia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312
Author(s):  
Chia-Chun Chiang ◽  
Amaal J Starling ◽  
Matthew R Buras ◽  
Michael A Golafshar ◽  
Juliana H VanderPluym
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Migraine Attack ◽  
Migraine With Aura ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Migraine Without Aura ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Simple Tool ◽  
Number Naming

Background The King-Devick test is a timed rapid number naming task that involves complex cerebral functions. The objective of this pilot exploratory study is to determine whether there is a difference in the King-Devick test during a migraine attack compared to the interictal phase. Methods We evaluated 29 adult subjects with migraine with aura or migraine without aura. For each participant, we performed King-Devick tests during migraine attacks and interictal phases. Subjects served as their own controls. Results The King-Devick test was slower during the migraine attack compared to the interictal baseline (median 4.6 sec slower, p < 0.001). The slowing of the King-Devick test during migraine attack was more prominent in those with migraine with aura compared to subjects with migraine without aura (median 7.5 vs. 2.8 sec, p = 0.028). Conclusions This exploratory, observational study shows changes in the King-Devick test during migraine compared to the interictal phase. Future studies are required to determine if the King-Devick test may be used as a rapid and simple tool to objectively characterize migraine-associated disability.

scholarly journals Validity of low-resolution eye-tracking to assess eye movements during a rapid number naming task: performance of the eyetribe eye tracker

Brain Injury ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-208
Author(s):  
Jenelle Raynowska ◽  
John-Ross Rizzo ◽  
Janet C Rucker ◽  
Weiwei Dai ◽  
Joel Birkemeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Number Naming

Predictive Inference Activation

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doriane Gras ◽  
Hubert Tardieu ◽  
Serge Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Naming Task ◽  
Word Naming ◽  
Predictive Inference ◽  
Text Reading ◽  
Predictive Inferences

Predictive inferences are anticipations of what could happen next in the text we are reading. These inferences seem to be activated during reading, but a delay is necessary for their construction. To determine the length of this delay, we first used a classical word-naming task. In the second experiment, we used a Stroop-like task to verify that inference activation was not due to strategies applied during the naming task. The results show that predictive inferences are naturally activated during text reading, after approximately 1 s.

Multidimensional Anxiety and Content-specificity Effects in Preferential Processing of Threat

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel G. Calvo ◽  
P. Avero ◽  
M. Dolores Castillo ◽  
Juan J. Miguel-Tobal
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Ego Threat ◽  
Phobic Anxiety ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Content Specificity ◽  
Specificity Effects

We examined the relative contribution of specific components of multidimensional anxiety to cognitive biases in the processing of threat-related information in three experiments. Attentional bias was assessed by the emotional Stroop word color-naming task, interpretative bias by an on-line inference processing task, and explicit memory bias by sensitivity (d') and response criterion (β) from word-recognition scores. Multiple regression analyses revealed, first, that phobic anxiety and evaluative anxiety predicted selective attention to physical- and ego-threat information, respectively; cognitive anxiety predicted selective attention to both types of threat. Second, phobic anxiety predicted inhibition of inferences related to physically threatening outcomes of ambiguous situations. And, third, evaluative anxiety predicted a response bias, rather than a genuine memory bias, in the reporting of presented and nonpresented ego-threat information. Other anxiety components, such as motor and physiological anxiety, or interpersonal and daily-routines anxiety made no specific contribution to any cognitive bias. Multidimensional anxiety measures are useful for detecting content-specificity effects in cognitive biases.

A Unique Asymmetrical Stroop Effect in Absolute Pitch Possessors

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilach Akiva-Kabiri ◽  
Avishai Henik
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Reading Task ◽  
Pitch Processing ◽  
Reverse Pattern

The Stroop task has been employed to study automaticity or failures of selective attention for many years. The effect is known to be asymmetrical, with words affecting color naming but not vice versa. In the current work two auditory-visual Stroop-like tasks were devised in order to study the automaticity of pitch processing in both absolute pitch (AP) possessors and musically trained controls without AP (nAP). In the tone naming task, participants were asked to name the auditory tone while ignoring a visual note name. In the note naming task, participants were asked to read a note name while ignoring the auditory tone. The nAP group showed a significant congruency effect only in the tone naming task, whereas AP possessors showed the reverse pattern, with a significant congruency effect only in the note reading task. Thus, AP possessors were unable to ignore the auditory tone when asked to read the note, but were unaffected by the verbal note name when asked to label the auditory tone. The results suggest that pitch identification in participants endowed with AP ability is automatic and impossible to suppress.

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