scholarly journals What are the differences between the study of Micro Economics and Macro Economics and how are they inter-related with regard to the drafting of economic policies to remain current and relevant to the global economic environment// Social Sciences: Achievements and Prospects Journal 3(11), 2019/ OEAPS Inc.(Open European Academy of Public Sciences); Chief Editor Mark Freeman - Barcelona, Spain. 16.03.2019: OEAPS Inc., 2019. - pp. 23-26.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azizjon Akromov ◽  
Mushtariybegim Azlarova ◽  
Bobur Mamataliev ◽  
Azimkhon Koriev
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Chief Editor ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Huge Impact

As economics is mostly known for being a social science, studying production, consumption, distribution of goods and services, its primary goal is to care about well-being of its society, which includes firms, people, and so forth. The study of economics mainly consists of its two crucial components, which are microeconomics and macroeconomics. Together these main parts of economics are concerned with both private and public sector issues including, inflation, economic growth, choices, demand and supply, production, income, unemployment and many other aspects. It is already mentioned that well-being of society would be established when government, while making economics policies, assume all factors including those people who are employed or unemployed, so that no one gets hurt or suffer in the end. When it comes to making economic decisions and policies, governments should take into consideration that decisions made on a macro level has huge impact on micro and the same with micro, firms, households, individuals’ behaviors and choices come as aggregate in total, then turns into macro level, which triggers the introduction of some policies. In other words, tax reforms, if not appeal to suppliers or cut income of consumers, may hugely impact on overall GDP, as production and consumption would fall. Therefore, this paper will provide an insight into how both levels of economics differ from each other, when they cooperate, what are commonalities and how they are inter-related.

scholarly journals A Theory of Human Flourishing for Company Decision-Making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Liina Bårdsen
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Western World ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Work Community ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Main Engine

<p>Business is one engine of well-being, and the main engine of material well-being, in society. Companies produce goods and services that we would not be able to do without or that add comfort or pleasure to our lives, provide us with jobs, and help make our communities dynamic and lively. Still, businesses come increasingly under criticism for being the cause of many social, environmental and economic problems, and are often seen as prospering at the expense of individual people and the broader society. Also, as customers or employees of businesses, we are frequently dissatisfied with substandard product quality, unfriendly service, a work community in which not everyone is pulling in the same direction or leaders who do not inspire. We invest many resources and much energy and time in our roles that have to do with companies. In such a situation, it seems justified to ask whether businesses are fulfilling their potential, if viewed as agents of well-being. My thesis aims to be one contribution to the active academic, political and societal debate we have in the Western world on the appropriate evolution of businesses in the 2010s. Faced with intensifying competition from developing world produce, large private and public sector debts restricting consumption opportunities at home, and social and environmental concerns about ways companies operate, Western businesses are re-thinking their strategies. Many progressive companies are going even further and are revising their objectives in ways that challenge our traditional conception of what a business is, what it does and how.</p>

scholarly journals A Theory of Human Flourishing for Company Decision-Making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Liina Bårdsen
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Western World ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Work Community ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Main Engine

<p>Business is one engine of well-being, and the main engine of material well-being, in society. Companies produce goods and services that we would not be able to do without or that add comfort or pleasure to our lives, provide us with jobs, and help make our communities dynamic and lively. Still, businesses come increasingly under criticism for being the cause of many social, environmental and economic problems, and are often seen as prospering at the expense of individual people and the broader society. Also, as customers or employees of businesses, we are frequently dissatisfied with substandard product quality, unfriendly service, a work community in which not everyone is pulling in the same direction or leaders who do not inspire. We invest many resources and much energy and time in our roles that have to do with companies. In such a situation, it seems justified to ask whether businesses are fulfilling their potential, if viewed as agents of well-being. My thesis aims to be one contribution to the active academic, political and societal debate we have in the Western world on the appropriate evolution of businesses in the 2010s. Faced with intensifying competition from developing world produce, large private and public sector debts restricting consumption opportunities at home, and social and environmental concerns about ways companies operate, Western businesses are re-thinking their strategies. Many progressive companies are going even further and are revising their objectives in ways that challenge our traditional conception of what a business is, what it does and how.</p>

Rational Expectations and Inflation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Sargent
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Rational Expectations ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Nobel Lecture ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
The French Revolution

This collection of essays uses the lens of rational expectations theory to examine how governments anticipate and plan for inflation, and provides insight into the pioneering research for which the author was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in economics. Rational expectations theory is based on the simple premise that people will use all the information available to them in making economic decisions, yet applying the theory to macroeconomics and econometrics is technically demanding. This book engages with practical problems in economics in a less formal, noneconometric way, demonstrating how rational expectations can satisfactorily interpret a range of historical and contemporary events. It focuses on periods of actual or threatened depreciation in the value of a nation's currency. Drawing on historical attempts to counter inflation, from the French Revolution and the aftermath of World War I to the economic policies of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan, the book finds that there is no purely monetary cure for inflation; rather, monetary and fiscal policies must be coordinated. This fully expanded edition includes the author's 2011 Nobel lecture, “United States Then, Europe Now.” It also features new articles on the macroeconomics of the French Revolution and government budget deficits.

Digital tax: an instructive foreign experience

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-87
Author(s):  
K.S. Teteryatnikov ◽  
S.G. Каmolov ◽  
D.A. Blashkina
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Digital Products ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The Usa ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article is meant to analyze current problems and prospects for the development of effective tax policy as part of digital transformation of Russian economy. Introduction of a digital tax and the consequences of the digital tax reforms in the EU, the USA and OECD countries are highlighted. The necessity of qualitative transformation of the tax system of the Russian Federation in response to modern challenges is substantiated, taking into account the changes of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation adopted at the end of July 2020. The authors suggested their own concept of a digital tax and the prospects for its adoption in Russia, and consider it inappropriate to impose taxes on Internet users who do not use the Internet for business. Today, the main focus should be made on creating and testing effective technologies that allow on-line monitoring the tax basis of digital economy entities, taking into account the cross-border movement or use of digital products (goods and services). In addition, it would be extremely important to provide for a potential tax exemption for part of the profits of international ICT companies that are received on the territory of the Russian Federation and reinvested in joint with Russian companies projects in the high-tech for civil purposes area.

Social Protection, Adolescent Well-Being, and Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suman Verma
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Social Protection Systems ◽  
Cycle Of Poverty ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Effective social protection policies are crucial to realizing adolescents’ rights, ensuring their well-being, breaking the cycle of poverty and vulnerability, and helping them realize their full developmental potential. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have extended social security coverage to ensure basic protections—while continuing to develop social protection systems. Social protection for LMIC adolescents in the context of gross violations of their basic rights is examined. Prevalence, consequences of protection rights violations, and the role and impact of social protection programs in ensuring enhanced opportunities for development and well-being among young people are discussed. Results demonstrate direct impacts (e.g., increased income, consumption, goods and services access; greater social inclusion; reduced household stress). LMICs need integrated social protection policy and program expansion if the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is to be realized. With adolescent-centered policies and investments, governments can help adolescents realize their rights to a fulfilling and productive life.

scholarly journals A Transdisciplinary Approach to Address Climate Change Adaptation for Human Health and Well-Being in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4258
Author(s):  
Caradee Yael Wright ◽  
Candice Eleanor Moore ◽  
Matthew Chersich ◽  
Rebecca Hester ◽  
Patricia Nayna Schwerdtle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Well Being ◽  
World Health ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Comprehensive Health ◽  
African Context

The health sector response to dealing with the impacts of climate change on human health, whether mitigative or adaptive, is influenced by multiple factors and necessitates creative approaches drawing on resources across multiple sectors. This short communication presents the context in which adaptation to protect human health has been addressed to date and argues for a holistic, transdisciplinary, multisectoral and systems approach going forward. Such a novel health-climate approach requires broad thinking regarding geographies, ecologies and socio-economic policies, and demands that one prioritises services for vulnerable populations at higher risk. Actions to engage more sectors and systems in comprehensive health-climate governance are identified. Much like the World Health Organization’s ‘Health in All Policies’ approach, one should think health governance and climate change together in a transnational framework as a matter not only of health promotion and disease prevention, but of population security. In an African context, there is a need for continued cross-border efforts, through partnerships, blending climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, and long-term international financing, to contribute towards meeting sustainable development imperatives.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Barometer: Social Opinion – What Do the Portuguese Think in This Time of COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ana Rita Pedro ◽  
Ana Gama ◽  
Patrícia Soares ◽  
Marta Moniz ◽  
Pedro A. Laires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The People ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Continue Monitoring

The COVID-19 pandemic brought new challenges to the global community, reinforcing the role of public health in society. The main measures to combat it had (and still have) a huge impact on the daily lives of citizens. This investigation aimed to identify and monitor the population’s perceptions about how it faced this period and the impact on health, well-being, and daily life. In this study, we describe the main trends observed throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of mental health status, confidence in the capacity of the health services to respond to the pandemic, and the use of health services by participants. The online survey collected responses from 171,947 individuals ≥16 years of age in Portugal, over a period of 15 weeks that started on 21 March 2020. Participants could fill the questionnaire once or weekly, which enabled us to analyse trends and variations in responses. Overall, 81% of the respondents reported having felt agitated, anxious, or sad during the COVID-19 pandemic; 19% did not experience these feelings. During the confinement period, the proportion of participants feeling agitated, anxious, or sad every day/almost every day ranged between 20 and 30%, but since the deconfinement this proportion decreased. Around 30% reported having more difficulty getting to sleep or to sleep all night; 28.4% felt more agitated; 25.5% felt sadder, discouraged, or cried more easily; and 24.7% felt unable to do everything they had to do, women more frequently than men. Overall, 65.8% of the participants reported feeling confident or very confident in the health services’ capacity to respond to the challenges associated with the pandemic, and this confidence increased over time. Concerning the people who needed a consultation, 35.6% had one in person and 20.8% had one remotely, but almost 44% did not have one due to cancellation by the service (27.2%) or their own decision not to go (16.3%). At this unusual time in which we find ourselves and based on our findings, it is essential to continue monitoring how the population is facing the different phases of the pandemic until it officially ends. Analysing the effects of the pandemic from the point of view of citizens allows for anticipating critical trends and can contribute to preventative action.

Health and Environmental Tolls of Protracted Conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 120 (830) ◽  
pp. 339-345
Author(s):  
Jeannie Sowers ◽  
Erika Weinthal
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
War Zones ◽  
Access To Food

The effects of conflict on public health and ecosystem well-being are understudied and rarely figure in public debates about war-making. Protracted conflicts are particularly damaging to people and environments in ways that are inadequately documented. In recent wars in the Middle East and North Africa, parties to the conflicts have induced hunger and displacement and undermined public health through the use of violence and economic policies that deprive civilians of access to food, water, fuel, and livelihoods. Environmental pollution is widespread, particularly in cities that became war zones, while the COVID-19 pandemic has deepened conflict-induced poverty and food insecurity.

Analysing SST 2.0 Tax Burden through the Element of Principle of Good Tax Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-113
Author(s):  
Nur Erma Mohamed Jamel ◽  
Nadiah Abd Hamid ◽  
Sarini Azizan ◽  
Roshayani Arshad ◽  
Rani Diana Othman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
The Public ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Regressive Tax ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Well Being

Since the 70s, the focus of the Malaysian government on sustainable development is to improve the economic well-being of its society. In September 2015, Malaysia reaffirmed this commitment with the other United Nations countries by implementing the 2030 Agenda for 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), focusing on the bottom 40% of households (B40). Unfortunately, the implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) on 1st April 2015, followed by Sales and Services Tax (SST) 2.0 on 1st September 2018 impacted all income groups especially B40. The public especially B40 claimed that indirect tax is regressive and burdensome (MIER, 2018). Hence, the present study aims to identify the existence of SST 2.0's tax burden assessing through the relationship between elements of guiding principles of good tax policy. Keywords: Sales and Service Tax, enforcement, regressive, tax burden, fairness.

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