scholarly journals Children’s developing capacity to calibrate the verbal testimony of others with observed evidence when learning causal relations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niamh Caitriona Mcloughlin ◽  
Zoe Finiasz ◽  
David M. Sobel ◽  
Kathleen H. Corriveau
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relations ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
Informant Testimony ◽  
Observable Data

Across two studies (N = 120), we explored the development of children’s ability to calibrate the certainty of informant testimony with observable data that varied in the degree of predictive causal accuracy. In Study 1, four- and 5-year-olds heard a certain or uncertain explanation about deterministic causal relations. Five-year-olds learned better when the informant provided a certain, more calibrated explanation. In Study 2, children heard similar explanations about probabilistic relations, making the uncertain informant more calibrated. In an advance on previous calibration research, 5-year-olds learned better from an uncertain informant, but only when the explanation was attuned to the stochasticity of the data. These findings imply that the capacity to integrate, and learn efficiently from, distinct sources of knowledge emerges in the preschool years.

Causal relations and the surrogate mother.

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 671-673
Author(s):  
James Forest
Keyword(s):  
Surrogate Mother ◽  
Causal Relations

The Adaptation of Medical Records to Epidemiological Use

1965 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
Cl Jeanty
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Time Variable ◽  
Special Care ◽  
General Description ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
Laboratory Techniques ◽  
Original Record ◽  
Statistical Studies

A method is described in an attempt to make medical records suitable for epidemiologigri: purposes. Every case of a disease is recorded on an appropriate punched card with the object of working towards a general description of a disease through the collation of several cases of the same diagnosis. This punched card represents a very great condensation of the original record. Special care has been applied to state as precisely as possible the time variable, particularly as far as its origin and unit of measure are concerned, in order to demonstrate the existence of causal relations between diseases. Such cards are also intended to make easier statistical studies in clinical pathology, in evaluation of new laboratory techniques, and in therapeutical trials.

From Fieldwork to Research Theory on an Indian Pilgrimage

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémy Delage
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
South India ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Research Hypothesis ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
The One

Using as the example of the pilgrimage to Sabarimala (Kerala, South India), I propose here to explore the links existing between sources, research hypothesis and research theory in social sciences. The choice of research materials in the process of investigation, sources of knowledge about the studied object, is not mere random sampling; it is processed in accordance with the questions of the researcher. It inevitably assumes a selective dimension. After a critical reading of the sources used by Indian studies, I will highlight on the connections between the sources and the methodological tools on the one hand, and the major research hypothesis about pilgrimage on the other. The links between the data taken from the field and the legitimacy of scientific discourse on India will be examined at the end before providing some keys for the interpretation of Sabarimala phenomenon in South India during the contemporary period.

Islamic Education: A Contrastive Analysis of Ibn SÊnÉ’s and Al- GhazÉlÊ’s views

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 457-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adlina Hj Ariffin
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Education ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge

Ibn SÊnÉ and al-GhazÉlÊ were two great philosophers in the Muslim history. They shared in their ideas, among others, on man, society, and education. Their views on these subjects are to some extent different from each other. This paper is devoted to carry out a contrastive analysis of the ideas concerning Islamic education conceptualized by these two scholars, besides referring to their biography, their views on man, morality, society, and man’s sources of knowledge; and highlighting their contributions towards Islamic Education.

Mechanisms and Causation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Glennan
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relevance ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter motivates a theory of causation according to which causal claims are existential claims about mechanisms. The chapter begins with a review of the variety of causal claims, emphasizing the differences between singular and general claims, and between claims about causal production and claims about causal relevance. I then argue for singularism—the view that the truth-makers of general causal claims are facts about collections of singular and intrinsic causal relations, and specifically facts about the existence of particular mechanisms. Applying this account, I explore possible truth conditions for causal generalizations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relationship between mechanistic and manipulability approaches to causation. I argue that Woodward’s manipulability account provides valuable insights into the meaning of causal claims and the methods we use to assess them, but that the underlying truth-makers for the counterfactuals in that account are in fact mechanisms.

Perinatal Depression as an Early Stress

2018 ◽  
pp. 286-312
Author(s):  
Sherryl H. Goodman ◽  
Meeka S. Halperin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Perinatal Depression ◽  
Mental Health Outcomes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
Early Stress ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Per Se

This chapter provides a review of research and a description of the central issues regarding the stressor of depression in mothers during pregnancy and the postpartum periods in relation to risk for the development of psychopathology in offspring. Where evidence allows, causal relations are emphasized; otherwise, limitations are noted, especially those regarding being able to draw causal conclusions from the correlational approaches typically taken in this area of study. Evidence for mechanisms in the transmission of risk is also described, given the potential for understanding causal relations. With the developmental psychopathology perspective of depression as a stressor for offspring, the focus is on vulnerabilities to and early signs of disorder as well as mental health outcomes per se. The chapter concludes with suggested critical issues in the field and recommendations for future directions for research.

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