scholarly journals Milking management practices and IMI in Jersey crossbred cows in changing scenario

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Champak Bhakat
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Morning Session ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Teat Dipping

Experiment was conducted on Jersey crossbred cows (12) to compare 2 management practices viz. hand andmachine milking. Field investigations were also carried out on other milking management practices, IMI, hygienestatus and cleanliness in 3 stages. A total of 459 milk samples were analysed. Farm experimentation revealed thatSCC and MCMT were significantly higher in hand milking as compared to machine milking management. Butmilk yield and milk extraction rate were significantly lower in hand milking as compared to machine milkingmanagement. The time required for milking/animal was significantly higher in hand milking as compared to machinemilking management. The morning and evening milk samples of both hand and machine milking showed highervalues of SCC, MCMT, pH during evening as compared to morning session but milk yield and milk extraction ratewere lower during evening as compared to morning session whereas time required for milking/animal was higherin morning as compared to evening time. Almost similar trend of fat and SNF (%) were estimated in both milkingsession. Field investigation indicated that SCC, MCMT, pH were higher in IMI animal as compared to no-IMIanimal whereas fat and SNF were lower in IMI animal as compared to no IMI animal. Teat dipping and screeningof udders for mastitis were never followed by any farmer. Most of farmer having single cow, maintained goodhygiene status and cleanliness but most of the farmer having >3 cows, maintained poor hygiene status. Farmexperimentation concluded that the IMI can be reduced in machine milking practices in comparison to hand milkingpractices with higher milk quantity without affecting milk composition in Jersey crossbred cows. Field investigationconcluded that there is a significant association between animal keeping pattern and hygiene status/cleanliness atstudy area. So efforts should be made to increase cleanliness and hygiene status in milking cows itself, housing ofanimal and milkers of farmer’s house to reduce incidence of IMI in changing scenario.

scholarly journals Milking management practices and IMI in Jersey crossbred cows in changing scenario

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Champak Bhakat
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Morning Session ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Teat Dipping

Experiment was conducted on Jersey crossbred cows (12) to compare 2 management practices viz. hand andmachine milking. Field investigations were also carried out on other milking management practices, IMI, hygienestatus and cleanliness in 3 stages. A total of 459 milk samples were analysed. Farm experimentation revealed thatSCC and MCMT were significantly higher in hand milking as compared to machine milking management. Butmilk yield and milk extraction rate were significantly lower in hand milking as compared to machine milkingmanagement. The time required for milking/animal was significantly higher in hand milking as compared to machinemilking management. The morning and evening milk samples of both hand and machine milking showed highervalues of SCC, MCMT, pH during evening as compared to morning session but milk yield and milk extraction ratewere lower during evening as compared to morning session whereas time required for milking/animal was higherin morning as compared to evening time. Almost similar trend of fat and SNF (%) were estimated in both milkingsession. Field investigation indicated that SCC, MCMT, pH were higher in IMI animal as compared to no-IMIanimal whereas fat and SNF were lower in IMI animal as compared to no IMI animal. Teat dipping and screeningof udders for mastitis were never followed by any farmer. Most of farmer having single cow, maintained goodhygiene status and cleanliness but most of the farmer having >3 cows, maintained poor hygiene status. Farmexperimentation concluded that the IMI can be reduced in machine milking practices in comparison to hand milkingpractices with higher milk quantity without affecting milk composition in Jersey crossbred cows. Field investigationconcluded that there is a significant association between animal keeping pattern and hygiene status/cleanliness atstudy area. So efforts should be made to increase cleanliness and hygiene status in milking cows itself, housing ofanimal and milkers of farmer’s house to reduce incidence of IMI in changing scenario.

scholarly journals Milking management practices and IMI in Jersey crossbred cows in changing scenario

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Champak Bhakat
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Morning Session ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Teat Dipping

Experiment was conducted on Jersey crossbred cows (12) to compare 2 management practices viz. hand andmachine milking. Field investigations were also carried out on other milking management practices, IMI, hygienestatus and cleanliness in 3 stages. A total of 459 milk samples were analysed. Farm experimentation revealed thatSCC and MCMT were significantly higher in hand milking as compared to machine milking management. Butmilk yield and milk extraction rate were significantly lower in hand milking as compared to machine milkingmanagement. The time required for milking/animal was significantly higher in hand milking as compared to machinemilking management. The morning and evening milk samples of both hand and machine milking showed highervalues of SCC, MCMT, pH during evening as compared to morning session but milk yield and milk extraction ratewere lower during evening as compared to morning session whereas time required for milking/animal was higherin morning as compared to evening time. Almost similar trend of fat and SNF (%) were estimated in both milkingsession. Field investigation indicated that SCC, MCMT, pH were higher in IMI animal as compared to no-IMIanimal whereas fat and SNF were lower in IMI animal as compared to no IMI animal. Teat dipping and screeningof udders for mastitis were never followed by any farmer. Most of farmer having single cow, maintained goodhygiene status and cleanliness but most of the farmer having >3 cows, maintained poor hygiene status. Farmexperimentation concluded that the IMI can be reduced in machine milking practices in comparison to hand milkingpractices with higher milk quantity without affecting milk composition in Jersey crossbred cows. Field investigationconcluded that there is a significant association between animal keeping pattern and hygiene status/cleanliness atstudy area. So efforts should be made to increase cleanliness and hygiene status in milking cows itself, housing ofanimal and milkers of farmer’s house to reduce incidence of IMI in changing scenario.

Oxytocin and cortisol release during suckling, hand-milking and machine milking in camels

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Marwa Brahmi ◽  
Moufida Atigui ◽  
Ihmen Hammadi ◽  
Jacques Portanguen ◽  
Mohamed Hammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Physiological Consequence ◽  
Peak Release ◽  
Cortisol Release ◽  
Concentration Patterns

Abstract This research paper addresses the hypothesis that oxytocin (OT) could be released during suckling and during milking with and without the presence of a calf and that this release could be regulated by maternal behaviour. Plasma concentration patterns of OT and cortisol (CORT) were measured in six Tunisian dromedary camels during 2 suckling episodes, 2 manual milking episodes with calves beside the mother and 2 machine milking episodes without calves present. Various patterns of OT release were observed between each camel including specific two peak release patterns. Higher plasma OT concentrations were found during the suckling and hand-milking episodes with simultaneous suckling of calves, than during the machine milking episodes without calves. Exclusive mechanical milking episodes also evoked significant mean OT release, although greatly reduced compared to suckling and hand milking. The low basal levels and classical CORT release patterns suggested non-stressful management practices were used and there were very limited differences in udder stimulation between managements. The OT release induced by exclusive suckling and suckling together with hand-milking gives a reference point for what a good milk ejection stimulation is in camels. The important and specific reduction of OT release during machine milking without the calf present could be a physiological consequence of the maternal behaviour (selectivity for the own young) and to a lesser extent explained by a lower stimulation by machine milking.

scholarly journals Effects of Pre-Parturient Iodine Teat Dip Applications on Modulating Aversive Behaviors and Mastitis in Primiparous Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1623
Author(s):  
Hannah N. Phillips ◽  
Ulrike S. Sorge ◽  
Bradley J. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Aureus Infection ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Teat Dipping

Heifers and their human handlers are at risk for decreased welfare during the early lactation period. This experiment investigated pre-parturient teat dipping and parlor acclimation to reduce mastitis and aversive behaviors in early lactation heifers. Three weeks prior to calving, heifers were randomly assigned to receive either: (1) a weekly 1.0% iodine-based teat dip in the parlor (trained; n = 37) or (2) no treatment (control; n = 30). For the first 3 days of lactation, heifers were milked twice daily, and treatment-blinded handlers assessed behaviors and clinical mastitis. Aseptic quarter milk samples were collected within 36 h of calving and analyzed for pathogens. Control heifers had (OR ± SE) 2.2 ± 0.6 times greater (p < 0.01) odds of kicking during milking. Trained heifers had (OR ± SE) 1.7 ± 0.4 times greater (p = 0.02) odds of being very calm during milking, while control heifers had 2.2 ± 0.8 and 3.8 ± 2.1 times greater (p < 0.04) odds of being restless and very restless or hostile during milking, respectively. Quarters of control heifers had (OR ± SE) 5.4 ± 3.4 greater (p < 0.01) odds of intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infection, yet clinical mastitis was similar among treatments. The results indicate that teat dipping in the parlor weekly for 3 weeks before calving may alleviate some aversive milking behaviors and protect against early lactation S. aureus intramammary infections.

Waste management in primary healthcare centres of Iran

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Mesdaghinia ◽  
Kazem Naddafi ◽  
Amir Hossein Mahvi ◽  
Reza Saeedi
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Healthcare Waste ◽  
Waste Management Practices

The waste management practices in primary healthcare centres of Iran were investigated in the present study. A total of 120 primary healthcare centres located across the country were selected using the cluster sampling method and the current situation of healthcare waste management was determined through field investigation. The quantities of solid waste and wastewater generation per outpatient were found to be 60 g outpatient—1 day—1 and 26 L outpatient—1 day— 1, respectively. In all of the facilities, sharp objects were separated almost completely, but separation of other types of hazardous healthcare solid waste was only done in 25% of the centres. The separated hazardous solid waste materials were treated by incineration, temporary incineration and open burning methods in 32.5, 8.3 and 42.5% of the healthcare centres, respectively. In 16.7% of the centres the hazardous solid wastes were disposed of without any treatment. These results indicate that the management of waste materials in primary healthcare centres in Iran faced some problems. Staff training and awareness, separation of healthcare solid waste, establishment of the autoclave method for healthcare solid waste treatment and construction of septic tanks and disinfection units in the centres that were without access to a sewer system are the major measures that are suggested for improvement of the waste management practices.

scholarly journals Human Milk Composition and Dietary Intakes of Breastfeeding Women of Different Ethnicity from the Manawatu-Wanganui Region of New Zealand

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Butts ◽  
Duncan Hedderley ◽  
Thanuja Herath ◽  
Gunaranjan Paturi ◽  
Sarah Glyn-Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Milk Samples

Human milk is nutrient rich, complex in its composition, and is key to a baby’s health through its role in nutrition, gastrointestinal tract and immune development. Seventy-eight mothers (19–42 years of age) of Asian, Māori, Pacific Island, or of European ethnicity living in Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand (NZ) completed the study. The women provided three breast milk samples over a one-week period (6–8 weeks postpartum), completed a three-day food diary and provided information regarding their pregnancy and lactation experiences. The breast milk samples were analyzed for protein, fat, fatty acid profile, ash, selected minerals (calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc), and carbohydrates. Breast milk nutrient profiles showed no significant differences between the mothers of different ethnicities in their macronutrient (protein, fat, carbohydrate, and moisture) content. The breast milk of Asian mothers contained significantly higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acids. Arachidonic acid was significantly lower in the breast milk of Māori and Pacific Island women. Dietary intakes of protein, total energy, saturated and polyunsaturated fat, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iodine, vitamin A equivalents, and folate differed between the ethnic groups, as well as the number of serves of dairy foods, chicken, and legumes. No strong correlations between dietary nutrients and breast milk components were found.

Effect of different roughages sources on performance, milk composition, fatty acid profile, and milk cholesterol content of feedlot feed crossbred cows (Holstein × Zebu)

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bismarck Moreira Santiago ◽  
Fabiano Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Robério Rodrigues Silva ◽  
Evely Giovanna Leite Costa ◽  
Antonio Ferraz Porto Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Crossbred Cows

scholarly journals Effect of heat stress on milk production and its composition of Holstein Friesian crossbred dairy cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmud Al Reyad ◽  
Md Abid Hasan Sarker ◽  
Md Elias Uddin ◽  
Raihan Habib ◽  
Md Harun Ur Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this research was to observe the effect of heat stress on milk yield and milk compositions of Holstein Friesian crossbred (HF) dairy cows. To fulfill the objectives, a total of 9 Holstein Friesian crossbred cows were selected for this study. Green grasses (German, Para) were supplied adlibitum and concentrate feeds (mixture of wheat bran, rice polish, mustard oil cake, di-calcium phosphate and salt) were supplied at the rate of 2.0 kg/day/cow. Management practices for all the cows were similar following the BAU Dairy farm practices. Data were collected on milk yield (l/h/d), relative humidity (%) and barn temperature (0C). The obtained temperature humidity index (THI) of July, August, September and October were 84.95, 81.99, 81.40 and 79.57, respectively. The highest THI was found in July which indicated higher heat stress during this month. A significant difference (p<0.05) in milk yield of cows was found among different months of July to October. The highest milk yield (6.10±0.50 l/h/d) was found in October among observed months. The compositions of milk such as total solids (TS), solids-not-fat (SNF), fat, protein, lactose, and ash also differed significantly (p<0.01). The highest values (%) of TS, SNF, fat, protein, lactose and ash content of milk were found in October as 12.63, 8.80, 3.83, 3.69, 4.39 and 0.72, respectively and lowest values (%) were in July as 12.20, 8.50, 3.71, 3.50, 4.30 and 0.69, respectively due to the high THI value. From these results, it is concluded that heat stress has strong effect on milk yield and milk composition of HF cows in Bangladesh. Management strategies are needed to minimize heat stress and attain optimal dairy animal performance.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2016, 2(2): 190-195

scholarly journals OBSERVATION OF DIRECTIONAL WAVE SPECTRA AND REFLECTION COEFFICIENT OF BREAKWATER IN A HARBOR

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Tetsunori Ohshimo ◽  
Kosuke Kondo ◽  
Tsunehiro Sekimoto
Keyword(s):  
Reflection Coefficient ◽  
Wave Diffraction ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Method ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Electromagnetic Current ◽  
Wave Spectra ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Directional Wave

Field investigations were performed in order to show the effect of wave diffraction by breakwaters through directional wave spectra measurements in a harbor, and to estimate the reflection coefficient by resolving the incident and reflected wave energy in front of a composite type breakwater. Combinations of an ultrasonic wave gage (USW) and an electromagnetic current meter (EMC) were used to measure the synchronized data of the water surface elevation and two horizontal velocities. The EMLM (Extended Maximum Likelihood Method) was applied for the calculation of the directional wave spectrum, and the modified EMLM for an incident and reflection wave field was applied for the estimation of the reflection coefficient. Through the estimated directional wave spectra, the effect of wave diffraction by breakwaters were discussed and the reflection coefficient was estimated at about 0.9. As a result, the applicability of the field investigation method and the modified EMLM were verified.

A SECONDARY EFFECT OF DDT UPON THE AQUATIC MICROFLORA AND MICROFAUNA

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshall Laird
Keyword(s):  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Anopheles Maculipennis ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Heavy Infestation

Observations were made on the microflora and microfauna of infusions in which larvae of Anopheles maculipennis atroparvus were being subjected to DDT selection pressure (2 μg/ml). Comparisons with controls indicated that the insecticide influenced neither the species representation nor the succession of the organisms concerned. However, heavy initial larval mortality took place. Dead larvae remaining in the containers overnight became centers of very rapid bacterial multiplication, and the maturation of the experimental infusions was accelerated. The larval cultures became polysaprobic after about two weeks, by which time the surviving larvae were in the fourth instar. These survivors were large and healthy, having spent their early developmental period in the presence of a rich supply of infusion organisms answering their food requirements, and successfully withstood the deteriorating environmental conditions and consequent heavy infestation with epibionts (Chlamydobacteriales and peritrichous ciliates). On the other hand, fourth instar larvae from similar infusions in the laboratory colony of A, m. atroparvus were often undersized and sickly because of early overcrowding linked with the initially longer time required for the development of an adequate yield of food organisms. Such larvae, also pupae, frequently died of exhaustion due to undernourishment and complicated by the hampering of their activity by a vestiture of bacteria and ciliates. This explained the paradox that adults derived from the laboratory colony tended to be less robust than those hatching from developmental stages subjected to DDT selection pressure. Besides pointing to the importance of paying due regard to larval environmental factors in resistance studies, these observations suggest the need for field investigations of the significance of similar chains of events in nature.

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