scholarly journals Effect of Long Term Fertilization on Content and Uptake of Macro Nutrients in Sorghum-Wheat Cropping Sequence - A Review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayalakshmi Mitnala
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Central India ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

Sorghum and wheat are the premier food grain crops of the peninsular central India and in particular of Maharashtra. There has been a phenomenal increase in its production after mid sixties with the introduction of high yielding varieties. Increase in production was achieved through increase in area as well as productivity. Inputs like improved seeds, irrigation, fertilizers etc. has given a boost to productivity. Continuous addition of chemical fertilizers poses problems like toxicity due to high amounts of salts as residues of fertilizer and deterioration of the physico-chemical properties. Organic manure ameliorates this problem as organic matter helps in increasing adsorptive power of soil for cations and anions particularly phosphate and nitrate. Long term manuring and fertilizer experiments conducted in India showed declining trend in productivity even with the application of NPK fertilizers under modern intensive farming. Neither organic source alone nor inorganic fertilizers can achieve sustainability in crop production under intensive agriculture, where nutrient turnover in soil-plant system is much higher. However, their combined use appeared promising in enhanced crop productivity besides improving soil fertility.

scholarly journals Effect of long term fertilization on pH, EC and exchangeable Ca and Mg in vertisols under sorghum-wheat cropping sequence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayalakshmi Mitnala
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Cropping Sequence ◽  
Exchangeable Ca

Long term manuring and fertilizer experiments conducted in India showed declining trend in productivity even with the application of NPK fertilizers under modern intensive farming. Neither organic source alone nor inorganic fertilizers can achieve sustainability in crop production under intensive agriculture, where nutrient turnover in soilplant system is much higher. However, their combined use appeared promising in enhanced crop productivity besides improving soil fertility. The mineralization of carbon and nitrogen plays significant role in availability ofnutrients. However, the role of mineralization determines the flux of nutrient flow. When fertilizer nitrogen is added to the soil, the portion of it is immobilized, but the mineralization rate of recently immobilized fertilizer is greater than indigenous organic nitrogen. The rate of carbon and nitrogen mineralization is different for various cropping systems and hence, it is necessary to study mineralization. N-mineralization potential increases with increasing nitrogen rate in dryland and irrigation conditions. In order to investigate the long term influence of fertilization on soil labile carbon and N mineralization, the present study was undertaken in sorghum-wheat cropping sequence on Vertisol.

scholarly journals Accumulation efficiency of sunflower for lead and cadmium along with sustainable crop productivity under soil stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 636-644
Author(s):  
Vinothkumar Vadivel ◽  
Senthilvalavan Pitchamuthu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Potassium Humate ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Enhanced Solubility

By nature coastal saline soils having several constraints in crop production in addition to that of heavy metals contamination deteriorate the soil productivity. To restore these contaminated soils, various remediation techniques in practices must be revamped. The present study was conducted to enhance the accumulation of heavy metals lead and cadmium in sunflower and improve the crop productivity using organic and inorganic soil amendments along with NPK fertilizers in completely randomized design. Soil samples were admitted to estimating soil physico chemical properties and DTPA extractable lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and plant samples analyzed for DTPA extractable Pb and Cd concentrations under ICP-OES. The physico-chemical properties and DTPA extractable Pb and Cd concentrations were significantly influenced by amendments. Sunflower exhibited significant differences concerning accumulation of Pb and Cd against amendments tested along with higher biomass production. Higher shoot and root concentration of Pb(0.72,0.81 and 0.94,0.97 mg kg-1) and Cd (1.78, 2.32 and 0.35,0.32 mg kg-1)were recorded in the treatment RDF + EDTA, which was followed by RDF + Potassium humate and RDF + Zeolite application at 45 DAS and at harvest. Remediation efficiency of sunflower increased by application of RDF + EDTA through enhanced solubility of Pb and Cd in soil and thus increased Pb and Cd accumulation in root and shoot of sunflower. Whereas, the application of RDF+ FYM or press mud reduced the bioavailability of Pb and Cd in soil and thus restricted the accumulation of Pb and Cd by sunflower. Further, application of NPK fertilizers maintained the availability of nutrients and enhanced the yield of sunflower. The application of EDTA along with NPK fertilizer enhanced the bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium by sunflower without yield loss. Since, there is a possibility to cause leaching of HMs to ground water by EDTA. Hence, RDF plus Potassium humate or Zeolite can be recommended for lead and cadmium removal by sunflower in coastal saline soils with no loss in crop productivity.

Nutrient cycling differs between cropped soils with century-old and recently pyrolyzed biochar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Burgeon ◽  
Julien Fouché ◽  
Sarah Garré ◽  
Ramin Heidarian-Dehkordi ◽  
Gilles Colinet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation

<p>The amendment of biochar to soils is often considered for its potential as a climate change mitigation and adaptation tool through agriculture. Its presence in tropical agroecosystems has been reported to positively impact soil productivity whilst successfully storing C on the short and long-term. In temperate systems, recent research showed limited to no effect on productivity following recent biochar addition to soils. Its long-term effects on productivity and nutrient cycling have, however, been overlooked yet are essential before the use of biochar can be generalized.</p><p>Our study was set up in a conventionally cropped field, containing relict charcoal kiln sites used as a model for century old biochar (CoBC, ~220 years old). These sites were compared to soils amended with recently pyrolyzed biochar (YBC) and biochar free soils (REF) to study nutrient dynamics in the soil-water-plant system. Our research focused on soil chemical properties, crop nutrient uptake and soil solution nutrient concentrations. Crop plant samples were collected over three consecutive land occupations (chicory, winter wheat and a cover crop) and soil solutions gathered through the use of suctions cups inserted in different horizons of the studied Luvisol throughout the field.</p><p>Our results showed that YBC mainly influenced the soil solution composition whereas CoBC mainly impacted the total and plant available soil nutrient content. In soils with YBC, our results showed lower nitrate and potassium concentrations in subsoil horizons, suggesting a decreased leaching, and higher phosphate concentrations in topsoil horizons. With time and the oxidation of biochar particles, our results reported higher total soil N, available K and Ca in the topsoil horizon when compared to REF, whereas available P was significantly smaller. Although significant changes occurred in terms of plant available nutrient contents and soil solution nutrient concentrations, this did not transcend in variations in crop productivity between soils for neither of the studied crops. Overall, our study highlights that young or aged biochar behave as two distinct products in terms of nutrient cycling in soils. As such the sustainability of these soils differ and their management must therefore evolve with time.</p>

scholarly journals CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE: FARMER PERCEPTIONS AND UNDERSTANDING OF INTRA-SEASONAL VARIABILITY IN RAINFALL AND ASSOCIATED RISK IN SEMI-ARID KENYA

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. C. RAO ◽  
W. G. NDEGWA ◽  
K. KIZITO ◽  
A. OYOO
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Climate Variability And Change ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Probabilistic Nature ◽  
Semi Arid

SUMMARYThis study examines farmers’ perceptions of short- and long-term variability in climate, their ability to discern trends in climate and how the perceived trends converge with actual weather observations in five districts of Eastern Province in Kenya where the climate is semi-arid with high intra- and inter-annual variability in rainfall. Field surveys to elicit farmers’ perceptions about climate variability and change were conducted in Machakos, Makueni, Kitui, Mwingi and Mutomo districts. Long-term rainfall records from five meteorological stations within a 10 km radius from the survey locations were obtained from the Kenya Meteorological Department and were analysed to compare with farmers’ observations. Farmers’ responses indicate that they are well aware of the general climate in their location, its variability, the probabilistic nature of the variability and the impacts of this variability on crop production. However, their ability to synthesize the knowledge they have gained from their observations and discern long-term trends in the probabilistic distribution of seasonal conditions is more subjective, mainly due to the compounding interactions between climate and other factors such as soil fertility, soil water and land use change that determine the climate's overall influence on crop productivity. There is a general tendency among the farmers to give greater weight to negative impacts leading to higher risk perception. In relation to long-term changes in the climate, farmer observations in our study that rainfall patterns are changing corroborated well with reported perceptions from other places across the African continent but were not supported by the observed trends in rainfall data from the five study locations. The main implication of our findings is the need to be aware of and account for the risk during the development and promotion of technologies involving significant investments by smallholder farmers and exercise caution in interpreting farmers’ perceptions about long-term climate variability and change.

scholarly journals Mid storage seed hardening: a mechanical method to maintain seed viability during long term jute seed preservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Md. Nasir Uddin ◽  
S. M. Mahbub Ali ◽  
Md. Abu Sadat ◽  
Md Amazed Hossain Chowdhury ◽  
Israt Jahan Mumu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Oil Degradation ◽  
Hardening Treatment

Seed plays an important role in agricultural sector for both production and consumption purpose. Availability of vigour seed is one of the major constraints for maximizing crop production. However, healthy seed can also lose its viability during seed storage by changing different physio-chemical properties. Influence of environmental factors and seed containers during storage leading to seed deterioration. In this research, mid storage seed hardening treatment was applied in different aged seeds of jute species (C. Capsularis & C. olitorius) with two types of storage bags. Seed hardening treatment showed the less moisture content with better germination percentage compared to the untreated species of jute seeds. Seed packing in polythene bags during both short and long term seed storages had higher viable seeds compared to the cloth packing seeds. The effect of seed hardening treatment on seed oil content and pattern of oil degradation is distinct in early period of storage. The faster rate of oil degradation, soluble protein and free amino acids was found in seeds of un-treated stored seeds in cloth bag. Contrary, very slow rate of oil degradation was observed in harden seed and stored in polythene bag which indicated better storability of harden seeds.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Produktivitas Tanaman Padi Sawah Melalui Pemupukan Kompos dan NPK

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
I GUSTI PUTU RATNA ADI ◽  
I NYOMAN PUJA
Keyword(s):  
Rice Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Total P ◽  
Npk Fertilization

Increased Rice Crop Productivity Through Compost and NPK Fertilization. The aims of this research was to study response of compost and NPK fertilizers to the soil chemical properties and rice yield. The method used was a factorial Randomized Block Design consisting of two factors. The first factor was compost Fertilizer (B) consists of 2 levels, namely: B0 = Without compost fertilizer and B1 = 5 ton compost fertilizer ha-1. The second factors was NPK national recomendation (P) consists of 3 levels, namely: P1 = 50% of NPK recommendation, P2 = 100% of NPK recommendation and P3 = 150% of NPK recommendation. The results showed that the treatment of compost and NPK fertilizers gave no significant effect on tillers number clumb-1 and dry straw weight/m2 , but gave a significant effect on N, P, K and dry grain weight/m2. The combination of 5 tons of compost/ha and 150% of NPK recommendation can produce N-total, P-available level, K-available and dry grain weight per m2 respectively 0.35%, 13.79 ppm, 355, 21 ppm and 0.96 kg and significantly higher than the combination of 50% NPK recommendation and without compost, which were 0.26%, 8.21 ppm, 236.10 ppm and 0.69 kg respectively.

scholarly journals Climate change and drought effects on rural income distribution in the Mediterranean: a case study for Spain

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 4353-4389
Author(s):  
S. Quiroga ◽  
C. Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper examines the effects of climate change and drought on agricultural outputs in Spanish rural areas. By now the effects of drought as a response to climate change or policy restrictions have been analyzed through response functions considering direct effects on crop productivity and incomes. These changes also affect incomes distribution in the region and therefore modify the social structure. Here we consider this complementary indirect effect on social distribution of incomes which is essential in the long term. We estimate crop production functions for a range of Mediterranean crops in Spain and we use a decomposition of inequalities measure to estimate the impact of climate change and drought on yield disparities. This social aspect is important for climate change policies since it can be determinant for the public acceptance of certain adaptation measures in a context of drought. We provide the empirical estimations for the marginal effects of the two considered impacts: farms' income average and social income distribution. In our estimates we consider crop productivity response to both bio-physical and socio-economic aspects to analyze long term implications on both competitiveness and social disparities. We find disparities in the adaptation priorities depending on the crop and the region analyzed.

Multivariate management systems of long-term hayfields in the Central Non-Chernozem region of Russia

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
С.А. Запивалов
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Grass Growth ◽  
Soil Water Resources

В Центральном районе Нечернозёмной зоны в 2018–2020 годах изучалось шесть систем ведения долголетнего сенокоса. В среднем за годы исследования применение техногенной системы позволило получить 3,86 т/га сухого вещества (СВ), применение интегрированной — 5,08 т/га СВ, техногенно-органической — 4,75–5,16 т/га СВ, техногенно-минеральной экстенсивной — 3,97–7,13 т/га СВ, техногенно-минеральной интенсивной — 6,60–8,85 т/га СВ, комбинированной — 7,03–7,25 т/га СВ. Существенное влияние на урожайность оказывали погодные условия. В засушливый год не был сформирован полноценный 2-й укос, что не позволило травостоям реализовать потенциал продуктивности. Более эффективно ограниченный запас влаги в почве использовался в техногенно-минеральной интенсивной системе. В условиях достаточной влагообеспеченности был получен полноценный второй укос, составляющий 30–50% сбора СВ за сезон. При улучшении условий увлажнения урожайность наиболее заметно повышалась при применении техногенно-минеральной интенсивной системы. Отмечена высокая экономическая эффективность применения всех изучаемых систем за счёт длительного использования травостоя. В зависимости от технологии рентабельность производства корма составляла 74–220%, себестоимость 1 корм. ед. — 3,12–5,75 руб. Для получения 65,2–88,0 ГДж, 5,1–6,8 тыс. корм. ед. и 781–1153 кг сырого протеина с 1 га на суходольных лугах Центрального района Нечернозёмной зоны рекомендуется применять техногенно-минеральную интенсивную систему ведения сенокоса. В случае недостаточной обеспеченности хозяйств материально-техническими ресурсами рекомендуются техногенная, интегрированная, техногенно-органическая и техногенно-минеральная экстенсивная системы ведения, позволяющие поддерживать высокое участие бобовых видов в травостое, что обеспечивает использование биологического источника азота и позволяет получить с 1 га сенокосных угодий 39,0–56,7 ГДж, 3,1–4,5 тыс. корм. ед. и 462–688 кг сырого протеина. Six management systems for long-term hayfields were tested in the Central Non-Chernozem region in 2018–2020. Without fertilization 3.86 t ha-1 of dry matter (DM) was obtained. Integrated farming resulted in 5.08 t DM ha-1, application of organic fertilizers — 4.75–5.16 t DM ha-1, extensive farming with mineral fertilization — 3.97–7.13 t DM ha-1, intensive farming with mineral fertilization — 6.60–8.85 t DM ha-1, combined management system — 7.03–7.25 t DM ha-1. Weather significantly affected crop productivity. Under drought grasses showed poor growth after the first cut leading to low yield. Intensive farming with mineral fertilization allowed more effective use of soil water resources. Sufficient water availability positively affected grass growth after the first cut resulting in 30–50% of DM yield for a season. The best performance was observed under intensive farming with mineral fertilization. All the management systems provided high economic efficiency due to a long-term cultivation of swards. Payback amounted to 74–220%, prime cost of 1 feed unit — 3.12–5.75 rubles. Intensive farming with mineral fertilization was recommended in order to obtain 65.2–88.0 GJ, 5.1–6.8 thousand feed units and 781–1153 kg of crude protein from 1 ha. In case of insufficient material and technical resources other above-mentioned systems can be used, except for the combined one. These management systems maintained high proportion of legumes in swards, an effective mean to obtain nitrogen via nitrogen-fixing bacteria. As a result, swards yielded 39.0–56.7 GJ, 3.1–4.5 thousand feed units and 462–688 kg of crude protein from 1 ha.

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