scholarly journals What do you mean by ‘informed consent’? Ethics in economic development research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Josephson ◽  
Melinda Smale
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
Institutional Review

The ethical conduct of research requires the informed consent and voluntary participation of research participants. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) work to ensure that these ethical standards are met. However, incongruities in perspective and practice exist across regions. In this paper, we focus on informed consent as practiced by agricultural and applied economists, with emphasis on research conducted in low income and/or developing countries. IRB regulations are clear but heterogeneous, emphasizing process, rather than outcome. The lack of IRBs and institutional reviews in some contexts and the particulars of the principles employed in others may fail to adequately protect research participants.

scholarly journals Ekonomi Pembangunan Terhadap Pengangguran di Provinsi Jambi

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Afrizal Afrizal
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Street Children ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Unemployment in developing countries such as Indonesia, the economic development of this country as a growing number of unemployment is a problem that is more complicated and more serious than the problem of changes in income distribution are less profitable low-income residents Unemployment in Jambi Province has reached tens of thousands of people is an urgent problem that must be solved because of the impact of unemployment it would be very dangerous to the social order of life. It is a fact that various social evils such as theft / muggings/robberies, prostitution, Jula buy children, street children and others merupakandampakdaripengangguran.

scholarly journals Characterizing Current Attitudes and Practices for Human Subject Safety in Studies Involving Pupil Dilation

2020 ◽  
pp. 155626462096898
Author(s):  
Jacob Szpernal ◽  
Joseph Carroll ◽  
Ryan Spellecy ◽  
Jane A. Bachman Groth
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Vision Research ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Human Subjects Research ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Institutional Review

Standards in pupil dilation practices regarding the safety of human subjects are not present in vision research despite the potential for significant adverse effects. We developed two surveys to examine current practices around pupil dilation among vision researchers and individuals associated with oversight of human subjects research. While both groups note an absence of adverse events associated with pupil dilation, vision researcher practices differed with informed consent use and measures taken to minimize complications. For Institutional Review Boards, general risk assumption associated with dilation was not unanimous and there was a lack of specific guidance available to researchers for minimizing risk. These results uncover the need for standardized practices regarding pupil dilation in human subjects research.

scholarly journals Rural Accessibility, Rural Development, and Natural Disasters in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh Ahmed ◽  
Elizabeth Eklund
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Social And Economic Development

Rural accessibility means more than just reliable roads and cost-effective transportation networks. Rural accessibility is critical for achieving social and economic development in low-income developing countries such as Bangladesh where both rural and urban development are constrained by significant infrastructural deficiencies. It is also an important factor that determines the effects of natural disasters on these resource-constrained societies, since both disaster responses and sustainable development are compromised by poor rural accessibility. Using two contrasting case studies from Bangladesh, this article reveals the significance of improved rural accessibility on rural development and the effects of natural disasters on rural areas. The findings of this article suggest that the improvement of rural accessibility should be a top national development priority, since it increases the opportunities for sustainable social and economic development and reduces the adverse effects of natural disasters on the rural areas in developing countries such as Bangladesh.

Ethical Conduct of Clinical Trials, Institutional Review Boards, Informed Consent, and Financial Conflicts of Interest

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian B. Ramers
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
The Us ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations ◽  
Study Designs

Ethics and conflicts of interest are important considerations when planning and carrying out research. It is the role of the institutional review board to weigh these against protection of the research subject when evaluating research proposals. The ethical considerations when performing research include basic ethical principles (e.g., autonomy, confidentiality, non-maleficence, informed consent, beneficence, justice, and utility), as well as nuances such as appropriate study designs, investigator conflict of interests, and bias in all its forms. To help guide clinicians, a number of professional and governmental organizations have published guidelines and recommendations on various aspects of clinical research (e.g., the American Medical Association, the National Institutes of Health, and the US Food and Drug Administration).

Rethinking Risk in Pediatric Research

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Cranley Glass ◽  
Ariella Binik
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Phase I Trials ◽  
Autonomous Choice ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Safety And Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Of Drugs

Many activities concerning the unknown involve the potential for risk, and clinical research is no exception. Some research participants experience correlative benefit; others do not. When the participants are adults, as in Phase I trials with healthy volunteers, we rely on a highly individualistic decision-making process based on autonomous choice. This assumes that the ability to make voluntary, competent, informed choices, evaluating the risks and benefits from a personal perspective, offers the best protection for research participants. Rightly or wrongly, we depend heavily on informed consent for protection. We have further refined our post-Nuremberg ethical principles by requiring that safety and toxicity of drugs and devices be first assessed on the least vulnerable. In addition, we assume Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) will screen out protocols involving an inappropriate level of risk.

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