scholarly journals Determination of the Reference Wing Area of Aircraft from Various Aircraft Manufacturers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Matalla ◽  
Dieter Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Wing Area ◽  
Geometric Data ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given

Purpose - To check whether the reference wing areas of Boeing, Fokker and McDonnell Douglas (MD) were calculated using the methods specified by the manufacturers for calculating the reference wing areas. ---Methodology - Different aircraft from the three manufacturers are selected. The publicly available three-view drawings and the reference wing area published by the manufacturer are used. The areas determined with the three methods are then compared with the given areas. ---Results - With the Boeing 747 and the aircraft from Fokker and MD it could be shown with sufficient certainty that the reference wing area was also determined with the corresponding method of the manufacturer. This could not be shown on the rest of the Boeing aircraft. This could be explained in two ways: It is indicated that Boeing changed the method for determining the reference wing area (hence a "wrong" method may have been used in the calculation), or the information available in the form of drawings and geometric data contained errors. ---Limits of applicability - Slight data variations can easily results in differences in the wing area of one percent. The difference in the values for the reference wing area when comparing the methods with each other is often less than one percent for some aircraft and methods. This shows the difficulties associated with inferring the method used from a recalculation of the reference wing area. ---Value - It is well known that reference wing areas are calculated using different equations depending on the aircraft manufacturer. So far, the manufacturer's information on the reference wing area has been accepted uncritically. This is possible because the final aerodynamic results do not depend on the choice of the reference wing area. Here details have been checked despite the fact that any value for the reference wing area can be used to normalize aerodynamic data.

scholarly journals A template-based approach to the modification of binding properties of globular proteins II: Rationale and proposed approach.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imadol V Jeff-Eke
Keyword(s):  
Structural Reorganization ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Probability Bias ◽  
Specific Complex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Relationship

We present a rationale and proposed approach to the modification and development of bind sites using their respective cognate ligands as template. This is in support of a plausible “instructive” role for the ligand and therefore its involvement in determination of the structure and properties of bind sites. We emphasize the relationship between substrate and active site as an example of the relationship between ligand and bind sites, respectively. This is based on the assumption that there are shared features between all ligand:bind site complexes. Therefore, principles that apply to a specific complex can be applied, in general, to other protein-based complexes. We define ligand-associated probability bias as the difference between the probability of finding activity-determining conformations (ADCs) in the presence- and absence of ligands. For cognate ligands, the given bias is in favor of these ADCs. Thus, bind sites are more likely to assume ADCs when their cognate ligands are present. We relate such probability bias to structural reorganization, disorganization, and preorganization events. We then propose a means of deriving an [apparent] preorganized bind site structure by way of reorganization events that occur with cognate ligand. Finally, we propose a means of deriving an [actual] preorganized bind site structure by way of reorganization events that occur with cognate ligand, albeit during the folding process. The assumption is that the role of the ligand in derivation of such [actual] preorganized bind site structures is an instructive role, and is in support of the Haurowitz-Pauling hypothesis.

scholarly journals A template-based approach to the modification of binding properties of globular proteins II: Rationale and proposed approach.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imadol V Jeff-Eke
Keyword(s):  
Structural Reorganization ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Probability Bias ◽  
Specific Complex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Relationship

We present a rationale and proposed approach to the modification and development of bind sites using their respective cognate ligands as template. This is in support of a plausible “instructive” role for the ligand and therefore its involvement in determination of the structure and properties of bind sites. We emphasize the relationship between substrate and active site as an example of the relationship between ligand and bind sites, respectively. This is based on the assumption that there are shared features between all ligand:bind site complexes. Therefore, principles that apply to a specific complex can be applied, in general, to other protein-based complexes. We define ligand-associated probability bias as the difference between the probability of finding activity-determining conformations (ADCs) in the presence- and absence of ligands. For cognate ligands, the given bias is in favor of these ADCs. Thus, bind sites are more likely to assume ADCs when their cognate ligands are present. We relate such probability bias to structural reorganization, disorganization, and preorganization events. We then propose a means of deriving an [apparent] preorganized bind site structure by way of reorganization events that occur with cognate ligand. Finally, we propose a means of deriving an [actual] preorganized bind site structure by way of reorganization events that occur with cognate ligand, albeit during the folding process. The assumption is that the role of the ligand in derivation of such [actual] preorganized bind site structures is an instructive role, and is in support of the Haurowitz-Pauling hypothesis.

Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of finite-difference operators

1961 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Bickley ◽  
John McNamee
Keyword(s):  
Continuous System ◽  
Successive Approximations ◽  
Difference Operators ◽  
Difference System ◽  
Eigenvalues And Eigenfunctions ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
Moderate Length

Numerical solution of differential and integral equations is concerned mainly with the determination of the wanted function at a finite number of discrete points which are, in general, uniformly spaced. A first approximation to the solution can be obtained if the given differential or integral system is replaced by a difference system. Any differential or integral operator can be expressed as an infinite series of difference operators and the difference system of the first approximation is obtained by neglecting all but the first few terms of the infinite expansions. We shall distinguish two processes for improving the approximation: the first uses a tabular interval of moderate length but the approximation to the given continuous system is improved by including in the difference system as many terms of the infinite expansions as are necessary or practicable; the second process uses an unvarying difference system of low accuracy, but the tabular interval is reduced in successive approximations, the process being continued until two successive approximations agree within the accuracy required. We regard these processes as essentially distinct. If the solutions obtained by the two processes approach limits, these limits need not coincide.

scholarly journals A template-based approach to the modification of binding properties of globular proteins II: Rationale and proposed approach.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imadol V Jeff-Eke
Keyword(s):  
Structural Reorganization ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Probability Bias ◽  
Specific Complex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Relationship

We present a rationale and proposed approach to the modification and development of bind sites using their respective cognate ligands as template. This is in support of a plausible “instructive” role for the ligand and therefore its involvement in determination of the structure and properties of bind sites. We emphasize the relationship between substrate and active site as an example of the relationship between ligand and bind sites, respectively. This is based on the assumption that there are shared features between all ligand:bind site complexes. Therefore, principles that apply to a specific complex can be applied, in general, to other protein-based complexes. We define ligand-associated probability bias as the difference between the probability of finding activity-determining conformations (ADCs) in the presence- and absence of ligands. For cognate ligands, the given bias is in favor of these ADCs. Thus, bind sites are more likely to assume ADCs when their cognate ligands are present. We relate such probability bias to structural reorganization, disorganization, and preorganization events. We then propose a means of deriving an [apparent] preorganized bind site structure by way of reorganization events that occur with cognate ligand. Finally, we propose a means of deriving an [actual] preorganized bind site structure by way of reorganization events that occur with cognate ligand, albeit during the folding process. The assumption is that the role of the ligand in derivation of such [actual] preorganized bind site structures is an instructive role, and is in support of the Haurowitz-Pauling hypothesis.

DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN NON-STOLCHIOMETRIC FRACTION, δ, IN SINGLE-PHASE SUPERCONDUCTING YBa2Cu3Om+δ

1987 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 285-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunlin Ji ◽  
Chuanmeng Cui ◽  
Sulan Liu ◽  
Kuihan Wang ◽  
Zhanguo Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Thermodynamic Stability ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Barium Oxide ◽  
Stoichiometric Compound ◽  
Oxide Reduction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given

The hydrogen/carbon mono-oxide reduction method, based on the difference in thermodynamic stability of yttrium oxide, barium oxide and copper oxide, has been used to determine the oxygen non-stoichiometric fraction, the δ value, in single-phase superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.5+δ . The δ value was found to +0.27 for samples produced by directed reaction process under the given conditions. The present authors regard YBa2Cu3O6.77 as a copper-deficient non-stoichiometric compound.

scholarly journals The effect of a glaring light source on extrafoveal vision

1937 ◽  
Vol 122 (827) ◽  
pp. 255-280 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Brightness Distribution ◽  
Difference Threshold ◽  
Uniform Field ◽  
Foveal Vision ◽  
Brightness Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Given ◽  
Glare Effect

When an exposed light source is present in the field of view, the visibility of neighbouring objects is impaired owing to what may be called the glare effect of the light source. This glare effect has been studied by several investigators, who have measured the increase in the smallest perceptible brightness difference (brightness difference threshold) when the glare source is introduced in such manner that the brightness distribution in the field remains otherwise unchanged. In all the earlier work attention was confined to the case when the subject viewed the brightness difference to be perceived, by direct or foveal vision. For this case the investigations of Luckiesh and Holladay (1925) and of Stiles (1929) have shown that if the field has a uniform brightness of B c./sq. ft. and if a point source, located θ ° from the test object, produces an illumination of E ft. c. on the pupillary plane at the subject’s eye, then the brightness difference threshold T is raised from the value T 0 appropriate to the field brightness B , to the value T G appropriate to a field brightness β , where β = B + kE / θ n . (1) Thus the effect of the glare source on the brightness difference threshold is reproduced by superposing a uniform brightness γ = kE / θ n on the field brightness B . β is termed the equivalent uniform field brightness, and γ = kE / θ n , the equivalent veiling brightness, of the given glare condition. Various values of the constants k and n have been obtained by different investigators, but the best representative values may be taken as n = approximately 2, k = approximately 10. (See Appendix.) It has (Stiles and Crawford 1932) that the value of β for a given glare condition is independent of the size, colour and exposure time of the brightness difference used in the determination of the difference threshold.

The Role and Place of Budget Procedure in the System

2003 ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bushmin
Keyword(s):  
Budget Process ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Principal Role ◽  
Process Trends ◽  
The Given ◽  
Rules Of The Game

The article is devoted to the analysis of improving budget process trends. The author offers the concept of "financial technologism". Its usage should promote an essential improvement of the budget process. The given concept is based on the fact that the regulation of budget procedure is the process of determination of "rules of the game", and the order of interaction of different institutions within the framework of the budget process, and the trends and volumes of expenses are the strategy of institutions. The procedure within the budget process plays a principal role as compared with the trends and volumes of public expenditures.

FRACTIONAL DETERMINATIONS OF URINARY 17-KETOSTEROIDS IN HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM

1962 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pentti A. Järvinen ◽  
Sykkö Pesonen ◽  
Pirkko Väänänen
Keyword(s):  
Hyperemesis Gravidarum ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Daily Urine ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT The fractional determination of 17-ketosteroids in the daily urine was performed in nine cases of hyperemesis gravidarum and in four control cases, in the first trimester of pregnancy both before and after corticotrophin administration. The excretion of total 17-KS is similar in the two groups. Only in the hyperemesis group does the excretion of total 17-KS increase significantly after corticotrophin administration. The fractional determination reveals no difference between the two groups of patients with regard to the values of the fractions U (unidentified 17-KS), A (androsterone) and Rest (11-oxygenated 17-KS). The excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone is significantly higher in the hyperemesis group than in the control group. The excretion of androstanolone seems to be lower in the hyperemesis group than in the control group, but the difference is not statistically significant. The differences in the correlation between dehydroepiandrosterone and androstanolone in the two groups is significant. The high excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone and low excretion of androstanolone in cases of hyperemesis gravidarum is a sign of adrenal dysfunction.

MODIFIKASI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TEAM ASSISTED INDIVIDUALIZATION DENGAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN TUGAS DAN PAKSA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Christy Restu Kinasih ◽  
Dewi Fatimah ◽  
Veranica Julianti
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Classroom Learning ◽  
Quality Of Learning ◽  
The Given

The selection and determination of appropriate learning strategies can improve the results to be obtained from the application of classroom learning models. This writing aims to discipline students to develop individual abilities of students to be more active in the learning process and improve the quality of learning. The learning process in Indonesia in general only uses conventional learning models that make students passive and undeveloped. In order for the quality of learning to increase, the Team Assisted Individualization learning model is combined with the task learning and forced strategies. The Team Assisted Individualization cooperative learning model is one of the cooperative learning models that combines learning individually and in groups. Meanwhile, task and forced learning strategies are strategies that focus on giving assignments that require students to complete them on time so that the learning process can run effectively. Students are required to do assignments according to the given deadline. This makes students become familiar with the tasks given by the teacher. Combining or modifying the learning model of the assisted individualization team with forced and forced learning strategies is expected to be able to make students more active, disciplined, independent, creative in learning and responsible for the tasks assigned. Therefore this method of incorporation is very necessary in the learning process and can be applied to improve the quality of learning in schools.

MANUFACTURE INVESTIGATION OF CARTRIDGE WITH BOTTOM-MOST PART FLANGE BY DIRECT EXTRUSION WITH COUNTERPUNCH. REPORT 13. DETERMINATION OF DEFORMED STATE UNDER STRAITENED EXTRUSION IN FOURTH CENTRAL AREA OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
A. L. Vorontsov ◽  
◽  
I. A. Nikiforov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Plastic Flow ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Direct Extrusion ◽  
Deformed State ◽  
Cumulative Deformation ◽  
The Given ◽  
General Method

Formulae have been obtained that are necessary to calculate cumulative deformation in the process of straitened extrusion in the central area closed to the working end of the counterpunch. The general method of plastic flow proposed by A. L. Vorontsov was used. The obtained formulae allow one to determine the deformed state of a billet in any point of the given area. The formulae should be used to take into account the strengthening of the extruded material.

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