scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ADJECTIVE REDUPLICATION IN BATAK TOBA LANGUAGE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
Morphological Processes

This research deals with the investigation of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is to find out the formations of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The results of the analysis show that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar- and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix –um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix –an, -hian, and –an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian. The meanings of the adjective reduplication can be grouped into eight, namely, (1) refers to the basic meaning of the base adjective, (2) in the condition as mentioned in the base adjective, (3) has the characteristic as mentioned in the base adjective, (4) shows degree of comparison, (5) shows differences, (6) shows that something or some one is just so so .... as mentioned in the base adjective, (7) shows that something or some one is too ..., and (8) expresses superlative degree about something or some one.

scholarly journals ADJECTIVE REDUPLICATION IN TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita ◽  
Robert Sibarani
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Toba Batak

This paper aims at exploring adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is the formations of adjective reduplication. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The result of the analysis shows that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar- and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix –um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix –an, -hian, and –an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian. The meanings of the adjective reduplication can be grouped into eight, namely, (1) refers to the basic meaning of the base adjective, (2) in the condition as mentioned in the base adjective, (3) has the characteristic as mentioned in the base adjective, (4) shows degree of comparison, (5) shows differences, (6) shows that something or some one is just so so .... as mentioned in the base adjective, (7) shows that something or some one is too ..., and (8) expresses superlative degree about something or some one.

scholarly journals Joint Semantic Synthesis and Morphological Analysis of the Derived Word

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Cotterell ◽  
Hinrich Schütze
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Recurrent Neural Networks ◽  
Probabilistic Model ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Segmentation Accuracy ◽  
Morphological Productivity

Much like sentences are composed of words, words themselves are composed of smaller units. For example, the English word questionably can be analyzed as question+ able+ ly. However, this structural decomposition of the word does not directly give us a semantic representation of the word’s meaning. Since morphology obeys the principle of compositionality, the semantics of the word can be systematically derived from the meaning of its parts. In this work, we propose a novel probabilistic model of word formation that captures both the analysis of a word w into its constituent segments and the synthesis of the meaning of w from the meanings of those segments. Our model jointly learns to segment words into morphemes and compose distributional semantic vectors of those morphemes. We experiment with the model on English CELEX data and German DErivBase (Zeller et al., 2013) data. We show that jointly modeling semantics increases both segmentation accuracy and morpheme F1 by between 3% and 5%. Additionally, we investigate different models of vector composition, showing that recurrent neural networks yield an improvement over simple additive models. Finally, we study the degree to which the representations correspond to a linguist’s notion of morphological productivity.

WORD FORMATION OF MESSAGING APPLICATIONS FOUND IN PLAY STORE

Lire Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-109
Author(s):  
Giyatmi - Giyatmi ◽  
Sihindun Arumi ◽  
Mas Sulis Setiyono
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Front Part ◽  
The Real ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Blending Process ◽  
Everyday Communication

This study aims at describing the process of word-formation used on messaging applications found in the Play Store. This is descriptive qualitative research. The data are messaging applications written in English and in the form of words. To collect the data, the researchers use observation. The analysis data consists of three steps namely data reduction, data display, and verification. There are 56 data found. There are 6 types of word formations; Affixation (4 data), compounding (15 data), blending (4 data), coinage (8 data), clipping (4 data), reduplication (1 data). However, there are 20 messaging applications that cannot be classified into the type of word formation such as Path, Line, Lemon, etc. They are simple words that have already existed in English and have been used in everyday communication. Meanwhile, nowadays they are used as a name of messaging applications and have different meanings as the real meaning. The suffixes used in the affixation process are –er, -ous, -ster. There are 6 formations of compounding used in the messaging application such as N+N, V+V, N+V, V+N, Adv. + Prep. There are 3 ways of blending process such as taking the whole part of the first word and taking the first syllable of the second, taking the first syllable of the first word and taking the whole part of the second word, taking two syllables from the front part of the first word and taking the last syllable of the second word. Coinage consists of the name of the company and the name of the product. There are two types of clipping found namely fore-clipping and back-clipping. Reduplication happens when there is a copying of the partial part of the word. Apparently, there are morphological processes used in life such as word formation to name the messaging application.

scholarly journals Morphological Analysis of the Neologisms during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-07
Author(s):  
Katherine B. Akut
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Compound Structure ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Qualitative Design ◽  
Morphological Process ◽  
New Words ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The Common ◽  
Morphological Processes

The emergence of neologisms has always been an interesting phenomenon as it demonstrates the dynamism of language. This study intends to determine the neologisms during COVID-19 Pandemic through a morphological analysis. This study argues that the neologisms that emerge during the COVID-19 pandemic reveal the morphological processes that formed the new words. It further claims that the morphemic structures of the neologisms follow the general structures of English vocabulary. This study utilizes the descriptive-qualitative design in analyzing the morphological structures of the neologisms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, this study involves textual analysis to determine the morphological processes that encompass the formation of new words. The data used in analyzing the morphological structures of COVID-19-related neologisms are five (5) Internet articles that introduce the new terms created because of the corona virus outbreak. These articles were published in the months of March, April and May 2020.Findings reveal that most of the neologisms are nouns. The common morphological process involved in the formation of new words are compounding, blending and affixation. Moreover, majority of the neologisms follow the compound structure of the free and bound morphemes. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the neologisms formed during the COVID-19 pandemic reveal the morphological processes and the morphemic structures of the neologisms follow the general structures of English vocabulary specifically on the combination of free and bound morphemes.

scholarly journals A Morphological Analysis of Slang Words Used by Characters in “Ralph Breaks the Internet” Movie

E-Structural ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Norah Bt Entus Nasrudin Tubagus ◽  
Siti Suharsih ◽  
Rahman Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Word Category ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Abstract: The current study entitled “A Morphological Analysis of Slang Words Used by Characters In Ralph Breaks the Internet Movie” aimed to investigate the morphological processes of constructing slang words and its meaning of the  found slang words used by the movie characters. This research used a descriptive qualitative method with content analysis design. The findings revealed that there are 42 slang words categorized into different morphological processes included compound (14,28%), clipping (11,90%), blending (14,28%), affixations (16,66%), reduplicative (7,14%), backformation (2,4%), abbreviation (2,4%), conversion (4,76%), alternation (14,28%), extension (4,76%) and word manufacture (7,14%). This study demonstrated the meaning changes of the slang words that have been affected through certain morphological processes by modifying their word category. Consequently, some slang terms have preserved the original meaning despite the changes in their spelling. In the meantime, certain slang words get abbreviated or shortened and retained their original meaning. Meanwhile, some slang words change their meaning by deriving their word category. Besides, there were certain slang words that change their meaning depending on word usage.Key words: morphology, Ralph Breaks the Internet, slangAbstrak. Penelitian yang berjudul “Analisis Morfologi Kata-kata Slang yang Digunakan oleh karakter dalam Film ‘Ralph Breaks the Internet’” bertujuan untuk menelaah proses morfologi dalam membangun kata-kata slang dan maknanya yang digunakan dalam film tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan desain analisis isi. Data temuan menunjukkan  42 kata slang yang dikategorikan ke dalam proses morfologi yang berbeda, yaitu ‘compound’ (14,28%), ‘clipping’ (11,90%), ‘blending’ (14,28%). , ‘affixations’ (16,66%), ‘reduplicative’ (7,14%), ‘backformation’ (2,4%), ‘abbreviation’ (2,4%), ‘conversion’ (4,76%), ‘alternation’ (14,28%), ‘extension’ (4,76%) dan ‘word manufacture’ (7,14%). Studi ini mendemonstrasikan perubahan makna dari kata-kata slang yang telah dipengaruhi proses morfologi tertentu dengan memodifikasi kategori kata asal. Hasilnya beberapa istilah dalam kata slang tetap mempertahankan makna aslinya meskipun ejaannya berubah. Sementara itu, kata-kata slang tertentu disingkat dan tetap mempertahankan arti aslinya. Beberapa kata slang lainnya berubah makna dengan mengubah kategori katanya. Selain itu, beberapa kata-kata slang tertentu berubah maknanya tergantung dari penggunaan kata.Kata kunci: morfologi, Ralph Breaks the Internet, slang

Contra de linguïstische preutsheid : Over -gate en andere libfixen

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-332
Author(s):  
Camiel Hamans
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Productive Process ◽  
New Formation

Abstract Against linguistic prudishness. About -gate and other libfixesThis study aims to discuss libfixing as a non-morphemic process of word formation. Libfixes are ‘liberated’ elements that originate from the reanalysis of existing words, usually opaque forms or blends. A well-known example of a libfix is -gate from Watergate, whose borrowing and spreading in Dutch has been discussed by Hüning (2000). Among the other examples that are discussed are English -cation as in mancation, Franken- as in Frankenfood and Dutch -naise as in yogonaise and -talië as in Kapitalië. This contribution shows how widespread the process of libfixing is. Moreover, it is claimed that libfixing operates systematically and can therefore be a subject of morphological analysis and theory. In addition, it is shown in this analysis that it is irrelevant whether a new formation is consciously formed or that it is the result of an unconscious productive process. What counts is whether the neologism is acceptable as a word in the language in question. Examples that are discussed in this article come from English and Dutch.

scholarly journals Cognitive Approach to Word Formation

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Lina Inčiuraitė
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
Derivational Morphemes

Structural approach to word formation in Lithuanian is still dominant, meanwhile cognitive insights have not been applied yet. The object of this paper is the aspects of cognitive grammar to word formation. In the article, cognitive semantic notions and their application to the morphological analysis of cognitive grammar are introduced.In the cognitive theory of grammar, symbolicity plays a significant role. The essence of cognitive grammar is based on the idea that language units are bipolar language signs. A linguistic unit consists of phonological and semantic poles which are linked by a symbolic structure.A category is a network of meanings of a derivational morpheme, which, as in the case of lexical category, is structured in terms of prototype and periphery. The prototype of a category is considered to be the most typical member, whereas other senses of the prototype comprise the periphery.Morphological expressions are closely related to each other and comprise cognitive domains. A domain is perceived as knowledge in terms of which derivational morphemes can be interpreted.Compositionality is a process when the composite structure is determined by the meanings of its constituents. This process plays an integral part in understanding the senses of new morphological expressions. Full and partial compositionality types are typical of morphological expressions. In compounding, full compositionality is endocentric, meanwhile partial compositionality is exocentric.A large number of units are pertinent to each other by schema and instance relations. A schema is defined as a general model made of instances. The schema reflects the general meaning of instances. Due to further elaboration the instance becomes a basis for a new schema and its elaborating elements become new instances.

scholarly journals Computational Morphological Analysis of Yorùbá Language Words

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Safiriyu Ijiyemi Eludiora ◽  
O R Ayemonisan
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Know How ◽  
Morphological Approach ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
Python Programming ◽  
Yoruba Language

Nigeria official languages are English, Yorùbá, Igbo and Hausa. The focus of the study reported in this paper is to develop learning tool that can assist learners to learn the Yorùbá language using its alphabets. The study is critical to Yorùbá language, because of its endangerment. There is need to introduce different learning tools that can mitigate its extinction. A Yorùbá word perfect system was developed to assist people in learning the Yorùbá language. English and Yorùbá words formation are experimented using computational morphological approach (word formation). The theoretical framework considered Finite state automata (FSA) to realise different ways of combining the consonants and vowels to form word. Two to five letter words were considered. The system was designed and implemented using UML tools and python programming language.The system will teach the users on how the words are formed, and the number of syllables in each word. The user  need not to know how to tone mark word before he/she can use the system. Any word typed will be analysed according to its number of syllables. This approach produces representatives of all parts of speech (POS) of the two languages. It produces corpora for the two languages

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