scholarly journals The Role of Threat in the Human Empowerment Sequence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Dunn ◽  
Viktoria Spaiser ◽  
Harvey Dodds
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
The World

Recent work by Dunn et al. (2017) proposes an integration of two normally disparate fields of research: political culture and individual-level authoritarianism. This proposal notes a remarkable similarly between Welzel’s (2013) concept of emancipative values and the values-oriented conceptualization of authoritarianism proposed by Feldman and Stenner (1997). Dunn at al. provide some rudimentary empirical evidence that authoritarianism can be productively integrated into Welzel’s “human empowerment sequence” but due to data limitations are unable to examine what they see as one of the most important benefits of this integration: the interaction between authoritarianism and threat in predicting emancipative attitudes. The sixth wave of the World Values Survey provides the previously unavailable data (a measure of perceived threat) and allows us to examine whether authoritarianism interacts with threat to affect the expression of social and political attitudes. Analysis of this data supports those expectations derived from the authoritarianism literature and provides further support for Dunn et al.’s proposal.

scholarly journals The Role of Social Networking on Adaptability and Competitive Advantage: An Empirical Evidence from Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Restaurant Industry, Surabaya, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Endo Wijaya Kartika ◽  
Thomas Stefanus Kaihatu
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Restaurant Industry ◽  
Company Performance ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Restaurant Owners

Business competition that occurs in every industry in the world these days is totally inevitable, especially in Indonesia as one of the new emergent market in the world. Every companies are expected to be able to cope and compete well to achieve the best result for the shake of the companies’ future. However, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SME) often encounter so many problems during their competition which could impacted on the decreasing company performance and to some extend the worse result which is bankruptcy. This research is conducted to investigate on the existence of gap that occur due to the lack of empirical evidence that focus on social networking, adaptability and competitive advantage on SMEs in Indonesia. Thus, this research focuses on the leader’s social networking and organizational adaptability to support the creation of competitive advantage. This is an associative causal research using 30 restaurant owners in Surabaya city as the respondent which has a maximum number of employees of 20 peoples. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is used to answer the research questions. It is found out that social networking affects significantly on adaptability, while adaptability affects on competitive advantage insignificantly.

Turnout

2019 ◽  
pp. 309-332
Author(s):  
Serguei Kaniovski
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Electoral Participation ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
National Elections ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

Within the past seventy years, citizens have cast some twenty-seven billion votes in national elections across the world. This impressive figure would likely double if votes cast in local elections and referenda were included. Electoral participation is a mass phenomenon. However, what exactly motivates people to vote? The question of why people vote has been at the center of positivist political theory. Political scientists and economists have devised numerous theories for why people may or may not vote, in addition to gathering an impressive amount of empirical evidence on the determinants of electoral participation. This chapter offers a bird’s-eye view of historical trends in voter turnout, theories of rational voting motivation, and the role of embedding political or socioeconomic environments, as exposed by empirical research.

scholarly journals The representativeness of neighbourhood associations in Toronto and Vancouver

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802096443
Author(s):  
Aaron A Moore ◽  
R Michael McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Urban Politics ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Substantive Representation ◽  
Municipal Elections ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The World ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Neighbourhood Association

Neighbourhood associations are major players in urban politics throughout North American cities and increasingly are becoming a political force in other parts of the world. However, while there is a rich and well-developed literature on the role played by neighbourhood associations in urban politics, few studies examine whether their membership reflects the socio-demographic composition and interests of the broader public. This paper addresses this gap in the literature using survey data from voters conducted during the Vancouver and Toronto 2018 municipal elections. We compare the responses of participants who identify as members of neighbourhood associations (or their equivalents) with those of the broader voting public. We find that members of neighbourhood associations in both cities are not representative of the broader population. They are more likely to be white, older and have higher education than the average voter. In addition, while the ideology of neighbourhood association members differs little from that of the broader public, their policy priorities are different from those of the majority of voters in both cities. Our findings suggest that neighbourhood associations fail in providing descriptive representation and may not offer substantive representation. These findings raise important questions about the role of neighbourhood associations in local governance. Our study also demonstrates the merit of using individual-level surveys to learn more about the composition and policy preferences of neighbourhood associations.

scholarly journals Public support for the right to euthanasia: Impact of traditional religiosity and autonomy values across 37 nations

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maksim Rudnev ◽  
Aleksandra Savelkaeva
Keyword(s):  
Public Support ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Moral Attitudes

This article takes a postmodernization perspective on support for the right to euthanasia by treating it as an expression of a process of value change, as a preference for quality over quantity of life. Using the data from the fifth wave of the World Values Survey, this study attempts to answer the question of whether the mass support for the right to euthanasia is an expression of autonomy values rather than just a function of a low religiosity. Multilevel regressions demonstrate that both traditional religiosity and autonomy values have a high impact at the individual level, while at the country level only the effects of traditional religiosity are significant. Autonomy values have stronger association with attitudes to euthanasia in countries with higher levels of postmaterialism. Multilevel path analysis demonstrates that the effect of religiosity is partially and weakly mediated by the values of autonomy at both levels. Although religiosity was found to have a much stronger impact, the independent effect of autonomy values suggests that mass support for the right to euthanasia is a value-driven preference for quality over quantity of life. We conclude by suggesting that the fall in traditional religiosity might emphasize the role of values in moral attitudes regulation.

Whither Parties? Hume on Partisanship and Political Legitimacy

2017 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOEL E. LANDIS
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Psychological Experience ◽  
The Ideal

Recent work by party scholars reveals a widening gap between the normative ideals we set out for political parties and the empirical evidence that reveals their deep and perhaps insurmountable shortcomings in realizing these ideals. This disjunction invites us to consider the perspective of David Hume, who offers a theory of the value and proper function of parties that is resilient to the pessimistic findings of recent empirical scholarship. I analyze Hume's writings to show that the psychological experience of party informs the opinions by which governments can be considered legitimate. Hume thus invites us to consider the essential role parties might play in securing legitimacy as that ideal is practiced or understood by citizens, independent of the ideal understandings of legitimacy currently being articulated by theorists. My analysis contributes to both recent party scholarship and to our understanding of the role of parties in Hume's theory of allegiance.

Postscript

2021 ◽  
pp. 354-358
Author(s):  
Andrew V. Z. Brower ◽  
Randall T. Schuh
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Explanatory Framework ◽  
Scientific Inference ◽  
The World ◽  
Principle Of Parsimony ◽  
Phylogenetic Method

This postscript reflects on the role of parsimony in the future of systematics. Under the view of systematics advocated in this book, the exuberantly messy data of biological diversity are organized into a clear and coherent explanatory framework through the application of the principle of parsimony. The principle of common cause, the principle of cause and effect, and the principle of uniformitarianism are all applications of the principle of parsimony to the explanation of events unfolding in time. Thus, parsimony is not merely an old-fashioned phylogenetic method that has been superceded by purportedly more powerful and sophisticated statistical tools: it is the epistemological key to evaluating empirical evidence and discovering orderly patterns in the world to the extent that our perceptions allow. Ultimately, the success of every scientific inference and prediction relating to empirical phenomena in the world hinges upon parsimony.

The Extension of Particularized Trust to Generalized and Out-Group Trust: The Constraining Role of Collectivism

Social Forces ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 1801-1828
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Glanville ◽  
Qianyi Shi
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Central Line ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group Trust ◽  
Cross National

Abstract A central line of inquiry into the sources of generalized trust concerns how particularized trust (trust in known others) extends to generalized trust (default expectations about the trustworthiness of people in general). While we know that there is considerable cross-national variability in the strength of the relationship between particularized and generalized trust, little is known about the contextual factors that shape the degree to which particularized trust spills over to more diffuse forms of trust. We argue that collectivism plays a key role in the extension of trust. The nature of social interactions in low collectivism societies is conducive to the trust and distrust built up within social interactions extending to generalized and out-group trust, whereas high levels of collectivism should dampen the ability of particularized trust to extend. Analyzing data on over 52,000 respondents from 39 countries from Waves 5 and 6 of the World Values Survey, we find that the predicted effects particularized trust on generalized and out-group trust are substantially smaller in more collectivist countries. Our results also suggest that collectivism and individualism matter more for generalized and out-group trust for individuals who have higher levels of particularized trust.

The Role of Dialogue, Otherness and the Construction of Insight in Psychosis: Toward a Socio-Dialogic Model

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dolson
Keyword(s):  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Clinical Interview ◽  
Narrative Construction ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Clinical Phenomenon ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe focus is on the intersubjective, narrative and dialogic aspects of the clinical phenomenon of insight in psychosis. By introducing a socio-dialogic model for the clinical production of insight, it can be learned how insight, as a form of self-knowledge (of a morbid alteration in one's relation to the world/others), is a product of the clinical interview, namely the dialogic relation between patient and clinical interviewer. Drawing upon the philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas, expressly his notion of the ethical encounter, the production of insight in the clinical interview is elucidated as both a synchronic and diachronic phenomenon—a provisional form of self-knowledge based on historically-produced frames of meaning which are recalled and narrated, i.e., produced at a specific moment in time. The production of insight, based on auto-biographical memory, is ultimately a processual and transactional phenomenon which arises out of the narrative construction of experience and the dialogic negotiation of the individual's "authored" experience. This process may be understood as a synergistic dynamic between intersubjective micro-processes (dialogue) and symbolic macro-processes (such as "culture"), which may, when crystallized at the individual level, precipitate a subjectively insightful account of the prodromal illness experience.

scholarly journals Is Religion Always an Authoritarian Pursuit? Individual and Contextual Moderators of the Relationship Between Authoritarianism and Religiosity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Federico ◽  
Rafael Aguilera ◽  
Hui Bai
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Religious Involvement ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Contextual Variation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Contextual Moderators

Social scientists have devoted much attention to explaining individual and contextual variation in religiosity. Among other things, research suggests that authoritarianism is reliably associated with greater religiosity, whereas education and human development are associated with less religiosity. In this study, we explore the possibility that the relationship between authoritarianism and various indices of religiosity may be stronger in the presence of greater educational attainment and living in a society with a higher level of human development, even though the latter two variables are often thought to reduce religiosity: Using two large cross-cultural datasets from the World Values Survey, we find evidence that authoritarianism is more strongly associated with religious involvement and practice among individuals at higher levels of education and individuals living in societies with higher level of human development. In doing so, we demonstrate that the connection between authoritarianism and religiosity is contingent on both individual-level and societal moderators.

scholarly journals Concepts as explanatory theories: Evidence from word learning and the development of lexical flexibility

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
New Words ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Insight Into

By some theories, children are guided by explanatory frameworks, which motivate them to understand why objects have the properties they do. In this chapter, I describe how language development can inform such theories, by reviewing previous work on how children extend new words, and more recent work on how children learn to use words flexibly, with multiple, related meanings (e.g., shattered/drinking glass; thirsty/tasty chicken). Interestingly, some scholars have proposed that the different meanings of flexible words reflect different modes of explanation, raising the possibility that children’s understanding of flexible words will lend insight into the role of explanatory structures in conceptual development. To this end, this chapter presents a background on lexical flexibility, and brings together recent evidence on how it is acquired, represented, and instantiated across languages. Together, these recent developments provide new support for the idea that explanatory frameworks shape how children conceptualize the world.

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