scholarly journals Is Religion Always an Authoritarian Pursuit? Individual and Contextual Moderators of the Relationship Between Authoritarianism and Religiosity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Federico ◽  
Rafael Aguilera ◽  
Hui Bai
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Religious Involvement ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Contextual Variation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Contextual Moderators

Social scientists have devoted much attention to explaining individual and contextual variation in religiosity. Among other things, research suggests that authoritarianism is reliably associated with greater religiosity, whereas education and human development are associated with less religiosity. In this study, we explore the possibility that the relationship between authoritarianism and various indices of religiosity may be stronger in the presence of greater educational attainment and living in a society with a higher level of human development, even though the latter two variables are often thought to reduce religiosity: Using two large cross-cultural datasets from the World Values Survey, we find evidence that authoritarianism is more strongly associated with religious involvement and practice among individuals at higher levels of education and individuals living in societies with higher level of human development. In doing so, we demonstrate that the connection between authoritarianism and religiosity is contingent on both individual-level and societal moderators.

scholarly journals A glorious warrior in war: Cross-cultural evidence of honor culture, social rewards for warriors, and intergroup conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-611
Author(s):  
Kengo Nawata
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Honor Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Intergroup Conflicts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Social Rewards

Previous research has shown that honor culture and honor ideology enhance interpersonal and intergroup aggressiveness at the individual level. This study aimed to examine collective-level relationships among honor culture, social rewards for warriors, and intergroup conflict. To demonstrate these relationships, I used the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, which contains data on 186 mainly preindustrial societies from all over the world. The analysis demonstrated that honor culture, which values males’ toughness and aggression, has a positive relationship with frequency of intergroup conflicts. In addition, social rewards (praise, prestige, and status) for warriors mediated the relationship between honor culture and frequency of intergroup conflict. These results imply that the collective-level processes of honor culture enhance intergroup conflicts through the social reputations of warriors who participate in war.

Religious Loyalty and Acceptance of Corruption

2015 ◽  
Vol 235 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moamen Gouda ◽  
Sang-Min Park
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Value ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Specific Individual ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Summary This study investigates the relationship between religiously-induced internalized values of individuals and their specific attitudes regarding the acceptance of corruption. The dataset on which our study is based was collected by the World Values Survey from 141,326 individuals in 78 countries surveyed during a period of 13 years. We propose that individual attitudes towards corruption and religion are associated given certain societal and institutional contexts. Our results show that although there is a negative and statistically significant effect of religiosity on the acceptance of corruption on the individual level, this effect is small. We find that there is a threshold value of religiosity below which corruption is more easily accepted by individuals. Our interpretation for this result is simple: individuals with minimal religiosity are generally less constrained by religious norms; specifically, religious norms that are opposed to corruption are less binding on these individuals, resulting in them having a greater propensity to accept corruption. Religiosity, therefore, does lower the acceptance of corruption only when it exceeds a certain threshold for a specific individual.

scholarly journals CULTURAL HERITAGE AND INNOVATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
James Ang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

Cultural heritage is a major driver of behavioral, social and economic norms in a society. This paper studies the relationship between culture and economic development by focusing on how individualism is related to technological innovation. It hypothesizes that individualistic people tend to have beliefs and views that emphasize the importance of innovation and creativity. Using individual-level data from the World Values Survey, the results provide some evidence in favor of this hypothesis.

Psychology Within and Without the State

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Clark Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The World ◽  
Psychological Similarity

Psychological research in small-scale societies is crucial for what it stands to tell us about human psychological diversity. However, people in these communities, typically Indigenous communities in the global South, have been underrepresented and sometimes misrepresented in psychological research. Here I discuss the promises and pitfalls of psychological research in these communities, reviewing why they have been of interest to social scientists and how cross-cultural comparisons have been used to test psychological hypotheses. I consider factors that may be undertheorized in our research, such as political and economic marginalization, and how these might influence our data and conclusions. I argue that more just and accurate representation of people from small-scale communities around the world will provide us with a fuller picture of human psychological similarity and diversity, and it will help us to better understand how this diversity is shaped by historical and social processes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Evolution of the Psychodynamic Approach and System

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Russell Fulmer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Dynamic Theory ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Psychodynamic Therapy ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Dynamic Approach ◽  
Psychodynamic Approach ◽  
The World

AbstractPsychodynamic theory and practice has evolved from its psychoanalytic roots. The modern psychodynamic approach is among the most inclusive and versatile schools of thought available to therapists. With both cross-cultural application and a growing evidence base, psychodynamic therapy is practiced in many countries and cultures around the world. The dynamic approach is a system that touches on human development, personality, mental disorders, and of course, therapy. This article presents an overview of contemporary dynamic theory, its underlying philosophy, and its main objectives. 

scholarly journals Gender, Marital Status and Life Satisfaction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore N Greenstein
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Relationship

*This paper uses materials from the World Values Survey and the EuropeanValues Study from 2006-2014 to study the relationship of gender and maritalstatus to life satisfaction. In an analysis of 103,217 respondents from 81nations I find that while there do not seem to be main effects of gender onlife satisfaction – that is, women are no more or less satisfied with theirlives than are men -- gender moderates the effects of geographical region,age, employment status, education, religious affiliation, and attendance ofreligious services on life satisfaction. In particular, there aresubstantial differences in the effects of marital status on lifesatisfaction by gender. The gender differences in most effects are sosubstantial that I argue that it makes no sense to analyze lifesatisfaction data without performing separate analyses by gender. *

Values and Corruption

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kravtsova ◽  
Aleksey Oshchepkov ◽  
Christian Welzel
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Ecological Effect ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
The World ◽  
Moral Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship

Using World Values Survey data from several dozen countries around the world, this article analyzes the relationship between postmaterialist values and bribery (dis)approval in a multilevel framework. We find that people, who place stronger emphasis on postmaterialist values, tend to justify bribery more. However, the “ecological” effect of postmaterialism operates in the exactly opposite direction: A higher prevalence of postmaterialist values induces more bribery disapproval, and especially among postmaterialists themselves. In our view, this happens because the large number of people who internalized postmaterialist values generate positive social externalities which strengthen negative attitudes toward corruption. We outline a theoretical framework that explains why and how these externalities may emerge. Our results contribute to the literature on the sociocultural factors of corruption, provide a better understanding of the complex nature of postmaterialism, and also might be interesting in the light of ongoing discussions on whether moral attitudes are culturally universal or culturally specific.

13. The Political Economy of Development

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Theoretical Terms ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economy Of Development ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter focuses on the political economy of development. It first considers the different (and competing) ways of thinking about development that have emerged since the end of World War II, laying emphasis on modernization, structuralist, and underdevelopment theories, neo-liberalism and neo-statism, and ‘human development’, gender, and environmental theories. The chapter proceeds by exploring how particular understandings of development have given rise to particular kinds of development strategies at both the national and global levels. It then examines the relationship between globalization and development, in both empirical and theoretical terms. It also describes how conditions of ‘mal-development’ — or development failures — both arise from and are reinforced by globalization processes and the ways in which the world economy is governed.

Are the religious suspicious of science? Investigating religiosity, religious context, and orientations towards science

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 967-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Chan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Scientific Authority ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Religious Context ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

Are the religious suspicious of science? Drawing on data from 52 nations in the World Values Survey (wave 6) ( N = 58,474), I utilize multilevel models to examine the relationship between religiosity, religious context, and five different orientations towards science: confidence in science, trust in scientific authority under conditions of conflict with religion, faith in science, views on the moral effects of science, and interest in scientific knowledge. Results show that while religiosity is on average negatively associated with the five outcomes, the relationship between religiosity and orientations towards science varies by country such that religiosity is sometimes positively associated with the different outcomes. Religiosity is only consistently negatively associated with trust in scientific authority in all countries and with all orientations towards science in western countries. Finally, differences in orientations towards science also exist across country religious contexts, with countries dominated by the unaffiliated having more positive orientations towards science.

The Evolution and Exploitation of Transcendence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Gorelik
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Transcendent Experience ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the transcendent experience, which is defined as an ego-dissolving encounter with something greater than one’s self. The transcendent experience is cross-cultural and panhistorical. This chapter presents a model describing the evolution and function of various evolved modes of transcendence, such as group-directed transcendence, theory of mind (ToM) transcendence, aesthetic transcendence, and epistemic transcendence. It then discusses the susceptibility of these modes of transcendence to costly exploitation by selfish individuals. The ensuing sections discuss the relationship between transcendence and human development across the lifespan, and concludes with some thoughts on the epistemic and ethical utility of transcendence.

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