scholarly journals Raising awareness about measurement error in research on unconscious mental processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Vadillo ◽  
Simone Malejka ◽  
Daryl Yu Heng Lee ◽  
Zoltan Dienes ◽  
David Shanks
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Contextual Cuing ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Empirical Level ◽  
Unconscious Cognition

Experimental psychologists often neglect the poor psychometric properties of the dependent measures collected in their studies. In particular, a low reliability of measures can have dramatic consequences for the interpretation of key findings in some of the most popular experimental paradigms, especially when strong inferences are drawn from the absence of statistically significant correlations. In research on unconscious cognition, for instance, it is commonly argued that the lack of a correlation between task performance and measures of awareness or explicit recollection of the target stimuli provides strong support for the conclusion that the cognitive processes underlying performance must be unconscious. Using contextual cuing of visual search as a case study, we show that given the low reliability of the dependent measures collected in these studies, it is usually impossible to draw any firm conclusion about the unconscious character of this effect from correlational analyses. Furthermore, both a psychometric meta-analysis of the available evidence and a cognitive-modeling approach suggest that, in fact, we should expect to see very low correlations between performance and awareness at the empirical level, even if both constructs are perfectly related at the latent level. Convincing evidence for the unconscious character of contextual cuing and other effects will most likely demand richer and larger datasets, coupled with more powerful analytic approaches.

scholarly journals Think Indifferent: On the Perils Of Scientific Deliberation, Without Attention For Critical Evaluation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Hasselman ◽  
S.V. Crielaard ◽  
A.M.T. Bosman
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Unconscious Thought ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
The Right

Replication attempts of empirical psychological phenomena lack guidance by a larger effort to evaluate thepsychological theory that predicted the phenomena. In this paper we present a template for theory evaluationsuited for the class of theories produced by psychological science: Theories of construction. As a case study,we perform a rigorous post-publication peer-review of the theoretical core of Unconscious Thought Theory(UTT). We present several uncomplicated indices that quantify the quality of evaluation of the results andconclusions by experts who reviewed the article and the amount of interpretation bias on behalf of theauthors. The results reveal a failure of expert peer-review to detect empirical reports of sub-standard quality.The analyses reveal there is in fact hardly any empirical evidence for the predictions of UTT in importantpapers that claim its support. Our advice is to evaluate before you replicate.NOTE: This manuscript is presented here for reference only see e.g.Nieuwenstein, M. R., Wierenga, T., Morey, R. D., Wicherts, J. M., Blom, T. N., Wagenmakers, E. J., & van Rijn, H. (2015). On making the right choice: a meta-analysis and large-scale replication attempt of the unconscious thought advantage. Judgment and Decision Making, 10(1), 1. http://journal.sjdm.org/14/14321/jdm14321.html. It will not be submitted for publication in its present form.

scholarly journals Food Bioactive Compounds and Emerging Techniques for Their Extraction: Polyphenols as a Case Study

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
José S. Câmara ◽  
Bianca R. Albuquerque ◽  
Joselin Aguiar ◽  
Rúbia C. G. Corrêa ◽  
João L. Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Biological Impact ◽  
Preventive Effects

Experimental studies have provided convincing evidence that food bioactive compounds (FBCs) have a positive biological impact on human health, exerting protective effects against non-communicable diseases (NCD) including cancer and cardiovascular (CVDs), metabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). These benefits have been associated with the presence of secondary metabolites, namely polyphenols, glucosinolates, carotenoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, vitamins, and fibres, among others, derived from their antioxidant, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, cardioprotective, and vasodilator properties. Polyphenols as one of the most abundant classes of bioactive compounds present in plant-based foods emerge as a promising approach for the development of efficacious preventive agents against NCDs with reduced side effects. The aim of this review is to present comprehensive and deep insights into the potential of polyphenols, from their chemical structure classification and biosynthesis to preventive effects on NCDs, namely cancer, CVDs, and NDDS. The challenge of polyphenols bioavailability and bioaccessibility will be explored in addition to useful industrial and environmental applications. Advanced and emerging extraction techniques will be highlighted and the high-resolution analytical techniques used for FBCs characterization, identification, and quantification will be considered.

scholarly journals 165 A Review of The Current Literature on LMWH Administered at Different Times in Relation to MOS (Major Orthopaedic Surgery): Assessment of The Safety and Efficacy of The Different Proposed Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Placella ◽  
V Pace ◽  
P Antinolfi ◽  
V Salini
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Medical Complications ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Major Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
Major Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
The One

Abstract Nowadays venous VTE represents an important perioperative and postoperative complication in patients undergoing elective Major Orthopedic Surgery (MOS). There are significant discrepancies between clinical practice, international recommendations, and published guidelines. Although thromboembolic events may be less common these days than in the past, they can still lead to serious medical complications. Therefore, most patients undergoing MOS procedures are provided with one of the thromboprophylactic treatments. The optimum timing of LMWH administrations remains debated. Customized structured electronic searches in PubMed and Cochrane database. Meta-Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials, Systematic Reviews on different strategies of the use of LMWH for MOS. Studies on prophylactic regimens showed that subcutaneous LMWH plays a key role in the management of thromboprophylaxis in MOS. However, some controversies still stand. Among those most relevant, it remains unclear whether to start thromboprophylaxis before or after MOS to better balance the risks of clotting and bleeding. With regards to different times of LMWH administration, there is no convincing evidence that starting prophylaxis 12 hours preoperatively is associated with lower risks of VTE compared to prophylaxis started 12 to 24 hours postoperatively. Furthermore, it seems that the most safe and efficient LMWH regimen is the one called “Just-in-time” (LMWH started 6 hours post-op).

scholarly journals Estimation of the Scale of Food Waste in Hotel Food Services—A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
Marzena Tomaszewska ◽  
Beata Bilska ◽  
Agnieszka Tul-Krzyszczuk ◽  
Danuta Kołożyn-Krajewska
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Food Services ◽  
Plate Waste ◽  
Diary Method ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Dining Room

The problem of food waste in food services, which is global and essentially affects the entire world, is a major challenge for the hospitality industry. At the same time, it should be noted that this problem has not been sufficiently studied, which makes it difficult to reduce it effectively. The study was carried out in four hotels in late 2019 and early 2020. In order to determine the scale of food waste, the diary method was used, which consists of systematically recording, for seven days, in forms prepared for workstations, the weight of all food products and unused food, including the stage of the technological process. In the hotels under study, most food was wasted in the serving department, i.e., in the buffet in the dining room or in the form of plate waste (on average 72.55% of wasted food). After taking into account the number of hotel guests served, it was found that in the investigated facilities, an average of 0.046 kg was wasted from each serving offered to guests in the form of plate waste, which constituted 5.8% of its weight. In sum, it should be stated that in order to reduce food waste, it is necessary to educate both food services staff and consumers. Employees should be trained in the proper handling of food. Consumer education, on the other hand, should be directed toward raising awareness of the negative impact of food waste, such as that on the natural environment. In addition, it should indicate what action everyone can take to limit this negative phenomenon, whether at home, in the workplace, or in a food service establishment.

scholarly journals To Stretch the Boundary of Secondary Metabolite Production in Plant Cell-Based Bioprocessing: Anthocyanin as a Case Study

2004 ◽  
Vol 2004 (5) ◽  
pp. 264-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Chris Franco ◽  
Chris Curtin ◽  
Simon Conn
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Global Correlation ◽  
Empirical Level

Plant cells and tissue cultures hold great promise for controlled production of a myriad of useful secondary metabolites on demand. The current yield and productivity cannot fulfill the commercial goal of a plant cell-based bioprocess for the production of most secondary metabolites. In order to stretch the boundary, recent advances, new directions and opportunities in plant cell-based bioprocessing, have been critically examined for the 10 years from 1992 to 2002. A review of the literature indicated that most of the R&D work was devoted predominantly to studies at an empirical level. A rational approach to molecular plant cell bioprocessing based on the fundamental understanding of metabolic pathways and their regulations is urgently required to stimulate further advances; however, the strategies and technical framework are still being developed. It is the aim of this review to take a step forward in framing workable strategies and technologies for molecular plant cell-based bioprocessing. Using anthocyanin biosynthesis as a case study, an integrated postgenomic approach has been proposed. This combines the functional analysis of metabolic pathways for biosynthesis of a particular metabolite from profiling of gene expression and protein expression to metabolic profiling. A global correlation not only can thus be established at the three molecular levels, but also places emphasis on the interactions between primary metabolism and secondary metabolism; between competing and/or complimentary pathways; and between biosynthetic and post-biosynthetic events.

scholarly journals The research method of conceptual frameworks. The case of Pygmalion effect: A leadership style or self-fulfilling prophecy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-510
Author(s):  
Sejla Almadi
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Style ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Educational Technology Research ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Conceptual Frameworks ◽  
Pygmalion Effect ◽  
Less Is More ◽  
Database Research ◽  
The Subject

Conceptual frameworks are conjectural/hypothetical research tools that are particularly important and widely used in the disciplined inquiry, including educational (technology) research. However, there is a lack of guidance on how to construct them. Hence, the objective of the current research was to provide a methodological perspective through a case study on how to develop such a framework for deductive research with a complex research subject. To this end, a five-step technique was constructed and implemented: text database, research panorama, authors’ network and thread, location, and definition. The case of Pygmalion effect was actual and significant as a recent meta-analysis found it to have an outstanding impact, among other leadership interventions, and relevant to educational research as it was first experimented in educational context. The conclusion found the five steps to be intertwined as they were built upon each other, carried the thread forward and opened it up deeper and closer to the research subject by each section. The errors and limitations involved uniqueness, availability, less is more, meaningfulness, approach, and space. Hence, the recommendations were defined as the regard for the complexity of the research subject and the approach to which the defined steps were delegated, the preliminary search on the most up-to-date academic papers on the subject, the only necessary number of collected sources and classes, the sense-making in implementing the steps, and the adaptation to longer essays, theses, or to prepare the foundation of research proposals.

scholarly journals Komunikasi Persuasif Pada Pelaksanaan Advokasi Public Relations

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-133
Author(s):  
Fathiya Nur Rahmi ◽  
Hanny Hafiar ◽  
Iriana Bakti
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Persuasive Communication ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Central Route ◽  
Analysis Models

AbstractThe awareness of job providers to employ people with disabilities is directly proportional to the participation of persons with disabilities in the formal work sector which is relatively low. Another problem faced by persons with disabilities is a negative stigma attached to them. This research was conducted to find out persuasive communication conducted on the Advocacy of LSM Saujana’s Public Relations, related to elements of communicators, messages, and audiences involved in persuasive communication. The research method used in this research is a case study with qualitative analysis techniques. Data collection techniques used in this study are interviews, observation, and documentation. Researchers conducted data analysis based on Flow Analysis Models. Based on the results, there were stages of persuasive communication undertaken including the preparation of communicators, delivery of messages, the use of online and offline media in delivering messages, the behavioral changes and evaluation. The LSM Saujana used the central route in persuasive communication that was appropriate to support advocacy. The findings suggest the institution focus on messages delivered to the target audience, starting with raising awareness and focusing on behavioral change.

Optimal low-molecular-weight heparin regimen in major orthopaedic surgery

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 654-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvy Laporte ◽  
Sara Quenet ◽  
Serge Molliex ◽  
Christian Auboyer ◽  
Hervé Decousus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Timing Of Treatment

SummaryLow-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) are routinely used for thromboprophylaxis in major lower limb orthopaedic surgery. However the optimal LMWH regimen, offering the greatest efficacy with an acceptable risk of bleeding, has not been clearly established with regard to dose and timing of treatment initiation. We performed a meta-analysis of all available randomised trials comparing LMWH to placebo. Relative risks (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. By means of subgroup analysis, we evaluated the consistency of the results according to the timing of treatment initiation (preoperative versus postoperative) and dose of LMWH used (low doses, i.e. 4000 anti-Xa IU or below versus high doses). The possibility of a dose-effect relationship of LMWH was also evaluated by meta-regression. Thirteen studies were included (1925 patients). In four studies, LMWH treatment was started postoperatively. Daily LMWH doses ranged from 3000 anti-Xa IU to over 6000 anti-Xa IU. Compared to placebo, LMWH significantly reduced the risk of asymptomatic deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) (RR=0.51, 95% CI=[0.45-0.59], p<0.001) without significantly increasing the risk of major haemorrhage (RR=0.80 [0.36-1.79], p=0.58). We found no convincing evidence that starting prophylaxis preoperatively was associated with a significantly reduced risk of asymptomatic DVT relative to starting postoperatively. Our results showed a strong correlation between the risk of DVT and LMWH dose (meta-regression, test of slope p=0.03).These findings are tentative because the comparisons are across trials, but nevertheless suggest that the different LMWH regimens currently recommended are effective and safe.

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