The overlapping geography of cognitive ability and chronotype

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Przemyslaw Ujma ◽  
Emil O. W. Kirkegaard
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
City Size ◽  
Time Zone ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Independent Association ◽  
The Relationship

Chronotype and cognitive ability are two psychological phenotypes with an uneven geographical distribution due to both selective migration and causal environmental effects. In our study we aimed to unravel the relationship between geographical variables, cognitive ability and chronotype. We used a large anonymized sample (N=25700) of dating site users to estimate chronotype and cognitive ability from questionnaire responses using item response theory. We matched each user to geographical coordinates and city size using the reported locations and geographical databases. In line with previous research we found that male sex (β=0.029), younger age (β=-0.178), residence in a more populous locale (β=0.02), higher cognitive ability (β=0.05) and more westward position within the same time zone (β=-0.04) was associated with later chronotype. Male sex (β=0.065), younger age (β=-0.04), residence in a more populous locale (β=0.149), later chronotype (β=0.051) and higher latitude (β=0.03) was associated with higher cognitive ability, but the effect of population on chronotype and latitude on cognitive ability was only present in the United States. The relationship between age and chronotype was stronger in males, and the relationship between chronotype and cognitive ability was stronger in males and in older participants. Population density had an independent association with cognitive ability, but not chronotype. Our results confirm the uneven geographical distribution of chronotype and cognitive ability. Country-wise analyses distinguish universal cultural/biological and country-specific effects. The moderating effect of age on the cognitive ability-chronotype relationship suggests that cultural rather than biological effects underlie this relationship.

scholarly journals Association of HIV infection with age and symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease at the time of carotid intervention in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy C Lin ◽  
Brittany N Burton ◽  
Andrew Barleben ◽  
Martin Hoenigl ◽  
Rodney A Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atherosclerotic Disease ◽  
Symptomatic Carotid ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Inpatient Database

The primary objectives of this work were: (1) to describe trends in HIV prevalence among those undergoing carotid intervention (carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stenting) in the United States; and (2) to determine if HIV infection is independently associated with symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease or age at the time of carotid intervention. In a nationally representative inpatient database from 2004 to 2014, HIV infection was associated with younger age at the time of carotid intervention (59 years [SE 0.2] vs 71 years [SE 0.01], p < 0.001), male sex (83% vs 58%, p < 0.001), black race (21% vs 4%, p < 0.001), and symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease (18.8% vs 11.0%, p < 0.001). Among those undergoing carotid intervention, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of HIV from 0.08% in 2004 to 0.17% in 2014 ( p < 0.001). After adjustment for patient demographics, comorbidities and other covariates, HIV infection remained significantly associated with younger age (–8.9 years; 95% CI: –9.7 to −8.1; p < 0.001) at the time of carotid intervention, but HIV infection was not independently associated with symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease.

scholarly journals Peak Voluntary Cough Flow and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia as Risk Factors for Pneumonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 431-439
Author(s):  
Jayoon Choi ◽  
Sora Baek ◽  
Gowun Kim ◽  
Hee-won Park
Keyword(s):  
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Voluntary Cough ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Independent Association ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Examination

Objective To investigate the relationship between voluntary peak cough flow (PCF), oropharyngeal dysphagia, and pneumonia in patients who were evaluated with videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS).Methods Patients who underwent both VFSS and PCF measurement on the same day were enrolled retrospectively (n=821). Pneumonia (n=138) and control (n=683) groups were assigned based on presence of pneumonia within 1 month from the date of VFSS assessment. In addition, sex, age (<65 and ≥65 years), preceding conditions, modified Barthel Index (MBI), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), PCF value (<160, ≥160 and <270, and ≥270 L/min), and presence of aspiration/penetration on VFSS were reviewed.Results Pneumonia group was more likely to be male (n=108; 78.3%), ≥65 years (n=121; 87.7%), with neurodegenerative (n=25; 18.1%) or other miscellaneous diseases (n=50; 36.2%), and in poor functional level with lower value of MBI (39.1±26.59). However, MMSE was not significantly different in comparison to that of the control group. The pneumonia group was also more likely to have dysphagia (82.6%) and lower value of PCF (<160 L/min, 70.3%). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, male sex (odd ratio [OR]=6.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.70–16.26), other miscellaneous diseases as preceding conditions (OR=2.52; 95% CI, 1.14–5.58), dysphagia (OR=3.82; 95% CI, 1.42–10.23), and PCF <160 L/min (OR=14.34; 95% CI, 1.84–111.60) were factors significantly related with pneumonia.Conclusion Impaired swallowing and coughing function showed an independent association with the development of pneumonia. Patients with PCF <160 L/min require more attention with lung care and should be encouraged with voluntary coughing strategy to prevent possible pulmonary complications.

Clinical Expression of Multiple Sclerosis in Hispanic Whites of Primarily Caribbean Ancestry

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athena Hadjixenofontos ◽  
Ashley H. Beecham ◽  
Clara P. Manrique ◽  
Margaret A. Pericak-Vance ◽  
Leticia Tornes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
Disease Characteristics ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Hispanic Patients ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hispanic White

Objective: The clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) are not well defined in Hispanic populations. We hypothesized that disease presentation in Hispanic white (HW) patients will be different from non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients given their ancestral background and reported lower disease prevalence. This study was undertaken to compare HW of primarily Caribbean ancestry to NHW on clinical characteristics of MS. Methods: We assessed 312 HW and 312 NHW patients with definite MS for clinical disease characteristics obtained through consented review of medical records. In order to assess the relationship between age-related phenotypes and ethnicity, linear regression was used. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between ethnicity and descriptors of disease presentation and severity as well as presence of neurological symptoms. Results: We observed a significantly younger age at diagnosis (p = 1.38E-02) and age at exam (p = 2.36E-05) in HW. However, age at first symptom did not differ significantly between the two groups. Furthermore, within HW, the mean age at first symptom and age at diagnosis was significantly younger in those born in the United States (p < 1.00E-03 for both). Interestingly, we noted an increase in ambulatory disability in HW patients, primarily among those with relapsing disease (p = 4.18E-03). Conclusions: We found several differences in age-related phenotypes and disease severity between HW of primarily Caribbean origin and NHW patients. To our knowledge, this is the largest study to date that examined the clinical characteristics of MS in Hispanic patients of largely Caribbean origin.

Navigating the maze: Deepfakes, cognitive ability, and social media news skepticism

2021 ◽  
pp. 146144482110191
Author(s):  
Saifuddin Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Survey Sample ◽  
The Relationship

The early apprehensions about how deepfakes (also deep fakes) could be weaponized for social and political purposes are now coming to pass. This study is one of the first to examine the social impact of deepfakes. Using an online survey sample in the United States, this study investigates the relationship between citizen concerns regarding deepfakes, exposure to deepfakes, inadvertent sharing of deepfakes, the cognitive ability of individuals, and social media news skepticism. Results suggest that deepfakes exposure and concerns are positively related to social media news skepticism. In contrast, those who frequently rely on social media as a news platform are less skeptical. Higher cognitive abled individuals are more skeptical of news on social media. The moderation findings suggest that among those who are more concerned about deepfakes, inadvertently sharing a deepfake is associated with heightened skepticism. However, these patterns are more pronounced among low than high cognitive individuals.

A-89 Age at First Psychiatric Hospitalization Predicts Deviation from Expected Cognitive Ability in Psychosis Spectrum Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1136-1136
Author(s):  
Elmma Khalid ◽  
Erin T Kaseda ◽  
Madison M Dykins ◽  
Milena Y Gotra ◽  
Scot K Hill
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitalization ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Brief Assessment ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective The present study investigated whether clinical variables related to illness onset (age at symptom onset, diagnosis, first psychiatric hospitalization) predict deviation from expected cognitive ability. Additionally, we examined the potential moderating effect of psychosis groups (“biotypes”). Method Cognitive ability was predicted based on demographic variables and estimated premorbid intelligence modeled in controls. The degree to which current cognitive ability (based on Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia) deviated from predicted ability was computed in 362 schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar with psychosis patients recruited from the community (Mage = 39.11; 52.2% male; 41.7% White, 41.4% Black, 16.9% Other). Linear regression assessed the relationship between illness onset and deviation scores and moderation analysis was performed using moderated multiple regression. Results Only age at first psychiatric hospitalization predicted deviation scores (F(1,328) = 3.93, p &lt; 0.05), such that younger individuals had a greater deviation from expected cognitive ability. The full moderated regression model significantly predicted deviation scores (F(5,330) = 14.05, p &lt; 0.001), and there was a significant effect of age at first psychiatric hospitalization and deviation scores only for biotype 3 (t = 7.37, p &lt; 0.001). Discussion Findings suggest that severity of illness at a younger age (requiring hospitalization), rather than earlier symptom onset, may be a risk factor for greater disruption of cognitive development. The association between group membership in biotype 3 (characterized by less cognitive impairment) and lower deviation scores may reflect reduced variability in deviation scores and less disruption of cognitive abilities than other biotypes. When assessing psychosis spectrum patients, clinicians should consider how factors related to illness onset and severity may impact developmental cognitive trajectories.

Abusive Men's Use of Children to Control Their Partners and Ex-Partners

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa L. Beeble ◽  
Deborah Bybee ◽  
Cris M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
The Relationship

While research has found that millions of children in the United States are exposed to their mothers being battered, and that many are themselves abused as well, little is known about the ways in which children are used by abusers to manipulate or harm their mothers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that perpetrators use children in a variety of ways to control and harm women; however, no studies to date have empirically examined the extent of this occurring. Therefore, the current study examined the extent to which survivors of abuse experienced this, as well as the conditions under which it occurred. Interviews were conducted with 156 women who had experienced recent intimate partner violence. Each of these women had at least one child between the ages of 5 and 12. Most women (88%) reported that their assailants had used their children against them in varying ways. Multiple variables were found to be related to this occurring, including the relationship between the assailant and the children, the extent of physical and emotional abuse used by the abuser against the woman, and the assailant's court-ordered visitation status. Findings point toward the complex situational conditions by which assailants use the children of their partners or ex-partners to continue the abuse, and the need for a great deal more research in this area.

A Meta-Analysis of Interviews and Cognitive Ability

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Roth ◽  
Allen I. Huffcutt
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Employment Interviews ◽  
Moderator Analysis ◽  
The Future ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

The topic of what interviews measure has received a great deal of attention over the years. One line of research has investigated the relationship between interviews and the construct of cognitive ability. A previous meta-analysis reported an overall corrected correlation of .40 ( Huffcutt, Roth, & McDaniel, 1996 ). A more recent meta-analysis reported a noticeably lower corrected correlation of .27 ( Berry, Sackett, & Landers, 2007 ). After reviewing both meta-analyses, it appears that the two studies posed different research questions. Further, there were a number of coding judgments in Berry et al. that merit review, and there was no moderator analysis for educational versus employment interviews. As a result, we reanalyzed the work by Berry et al. and found a corrected correlation of .42 for employment interviews (.15 higher than Berry et al., a 56% increase). Further, educational interviews were associated with a corrected correlation of .21, supporting their influence as a moderator. We suggest a better estimate of the correlation between employment interviews and cognitive ability is .42, and this takes us “back to the future” in that the better overall estimate of the employment interviews – cognitive ability relationship is roughly .40. This difference has implications for what is being measured by interviews and their incremental validity.

A Multimedia Situational Test With a Constructed-Response Format

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneke K. Oostrom ◽  
Marise Ph. Born ◽  
Alec W. Serlie ◽  
Henk T. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Constructed Response ◽  
Job Experience ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Situational Test

Advances in computer technology have created opportunities for the development of a multimedia situational test in which responses are filmed with a webcam. This paper examined the relationship of a so-called webcam test with personality, cognitive ability, job experience, and academic performance. Data were collected among 153 psychology students. In line with our expectations, scores on the webcam test, intended to measure interpersonally oriented leadership, were related to extraversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and job experience. Furthermore, the webcam tests significantly predicted students’ learning activities during group meetings over and above a cognitive ability test and a personality questionnaire. Overall, this study demonstrates that webcam tests can be a valid complement to traditional predictors in selection contexts.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document