scholarly journals When Acute Adversity Improves Psychological Health: A Social-Contextual Framework

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D Mancini
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mass Trauma ◽  
Contextual Framework ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Psychological Improvement ◽  
Affiliative Behaviors ◽  
Different Levels

Human beings are routinely exposed to varying forms of acute adversity. Our responses take varying forms too, ranging from chronic distress to resilience. Although this pronounced variability is widely recognized, one possible outcome of acute adversity has been invariably, though understandably, ignored: an improvement in psychological and social functioning. In this analysis, I argue that, under some conditions, people can experience marked psychological improvement after acute adversity. I describe this response pattern as psychosocial gains from adversity (PGA) and define it as favorable and reliable change on an objective index of psychological functioning from before to after exposure to adversity. In the present article, I first distinguish PGA from traditional perspectives on growth after adversity on the basis of key conceptual differences. I then review empirical evidence for PGA as a replicable response pattern following different forms of adversity, including bereavement, military deployment, and mass trauma. I propose a multi-level theoretical model for PGA that focuses on automatic prosocial affiliative behaviors and group-level contextual factors that are conditioned by acute adversity. I describe moderators and boundary conditions at different levels of analysis that will enhance or detract from the likelihood of PGA. I conclude with the implications of PGA for theory and empirical research on post-adversity outcomes and outline a research agenda to better understand it.

The Logical and Compositional Organization of the Lecture (Based on a Lecture from M. Mamardashvili’s Course “Lectures on Proust”)

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
Aleksandra A. Talanina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discourse ◽  
Basic Function ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Teaching Process ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Spatiotemporal Coordination ◽  
Different Levels

Functional and stylistic studies give us an idea of linguistic features of speech products, thus enabling style identification. These specific features become most recognizable when comparing styles. Discourse studies, on the contrary, are mainly focused on understanding and describing basic factors of creating a form of a literary language (style) and factors that determine the characteristics of speech products in individual situations within a socially significant sphere. This article presents an analysis of the logical and compositional organization of the lecture as a genre of academic discourse, taking a university lecture from M. Mamardashvili’s course on M. Proust as an example. The specific nature of the lecture genre in academic discourse is determined by its basic function in the teaching process implemented in direct dialogue with the audience. The research is based on the thesis that a lecture is an event that can be analysed using the concept of chronotope. The use of this concept beyond the analysis of fiction is relevant since spatiotemporal coordination is mandatory for any speech product, regardless of the sphere it is created in or the functions it performs. The main feature of the lecture chronotope is multi-level organization, since a lecture has its own internal spatiotemporal coordinates. The lecture chronotope is explicated at different levels of the text (compositional, lexical and grammatical), which are interconnected. Considering this, two interconnected frameworks of the lecture – structural and semantic – are singled out; they provide the logical and compositional organization of the material, which is important to ensure students’ understanding.

Turnout in Multi-Level Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sona N. Golder ◽  
Ignacio Lago ◽  
André Blais ◽  
Elisabeth Gidengil ◽  
Thomas Gschwend
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Political Community ◽  
The Political ◽  
European Level ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
European Elections ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Different Levels

Voters face different incentives to turn out to vote in one electoral arena versus another. Although turnout is lowest in European elections, it is found that the turnout is only slightly lower in regional than in national elections. Standard accounts suggest that the importance of an election, in terms of the policy-making power of the body to be elected, drives variation in turnout across elections at different levels. This chapter argues that this is only part of the story, and that voter attachment to a particular level also matters. Not all voters feel connected to each electoral arena in the same way. Although for some, their identity and the issues they most care about are linked to politics at the national level, for others, the regional or European level may offer the political community and political issues that most resonate with them.

Parties, Voters, and Multi-Level Elections

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sona N. Golder ◽  
Ignacio Lago ◽  
André Blais ◽  
Elisabeth Gidengil ◽  
Thomas Gschwend
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Party System ◽  
Voting Behaviour ◽  
Electoral Institutions ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Different Levels

This chapter argues that individual voting behaviour and the strategies chosen by political parties across multiple electoral arenas should be considered jointly. Existing literature points to the importance of an election as a major driving force in voting behaviour, but it is argued that voters and parties may differ in their assessments of the importance of elections at different levels. The chapter discusses how the effect of the importance of an electoral arena, for both voter and party behaviour, will be conditioned by electoral institutions and characteristics of parties and the party system, in addition to individual voter characteristics contributing to it.

Contradictions of the upcoming period: points for developing the agenda for medium- and long-term perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
D.M. Belousov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Regional Conflicts ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Object Of Control ◽  
Trade Wars ◽  
New Social Order ◽  
Different Levels

Analysis of the economic and social situation allows for the conclusion that the world is entering an era of global instability and contradictions. There is clearly a crisis of compensatory and basic institutions. Humans cease to be the subjects of the historical process and instead are becoming the object of control. Contradictions are sharply increasing at different levels. We are witnessing the conflict between labor and capital related to the national nature of labor and the global nature of capital. Production, security and regional applied science are changing, but financial and institutional systems remain global. Information and trade wars are intensifying. During a multi-level crisis, it is difficult to predict what a new social order will be like, but the transition to it will be difficult and highly possibly rife with (macro-) regional conflicts.

scholarly journals Literary Discourse as a Cognitive Dialogue About «Language as the House of Spirit»

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Mironova ◽  
T. I. Sokolskaya
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Literary Discourse ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Textual Space ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Spiritual Energy ◽  
Literary Work Of Art ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Different Levels

The article is focused on the diversity of literary discourse which is viewed through the prism of “the internal life of the text” and is considered as a dialogue within “the life and power” of the language. As an object of interdisciplinary scientific research literary discourse is perceived as a complex metalinguistic phenomenon, which is inherently dialogic in its character and able to generate certain reality in which modern human beings live and act. In the triad “discourse – language – language personality” the median marker is viewed as “the house of being” (M. Heidegger), “the spirit of the nation” (W. Humboldt), which allows for the understanding of flickering ideas standing behind the creativity of a modern poet.This paper provides the interpretation of the linguistic dynamics of textual space as one of the possible methods of understanding “the life and power” of the text, which helps to objectively represent the notion of “language as the house of spirit” and the spirituality of modern poetry.The purpose of the article is to study the discourse of a literary work of art as a cognitive dialogue about “language as the house of spirit” and reveal the dynamics of “the spirit” within “the soul of the text”. It should be underlined that the multidimensional character of literary discourse provides for several levels in studying a literary text:Level 1: “the text and the reality”;Level 2: “the text and the language”;Level 3: “the author and the text”;Level 4: “the reader and the text”.The research is based on the analysis of the poetic essays by Tamara Sokolskaya – “The Honesuckle” and “Poetic Ariozo. G#HF#E”.The methods employed in the paper include modeling and interpretation of the linguistic dynamics of the textual space, contrastive and synergetic analysis of the “life and power” of the text and the method of conceptual analysis.The findings of the research comprise the following the results:1. Literary discourse is specific in its multidimensional character and the variety of expressed ideas, which sets it apart from other types of discourse;2. This multidimensional character of literary discourse reveals the complexity of the spiritual life of the author of the text.3. The synergy in the dynamics of textual units demonstrates spiritual content of modern poetry which exists at different levels of consciousness.4. Literary discourse serves as the material realization of the spiritual energy of a person.5. Literary discourse should be viewed as a cognitive dialogue about “language as the house of spirit” which reveals “the dialectic of the spirit” of the author and the dynamics of “the life and power” of the text as a multicultural language code representing the spiritual energy of the nation.

scholarly journals Ethnic Differences in Environmental Restoration: Arab and Jewish Women in Israel

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12628
Author(s):  
Diana Saadi ◽  
Izhak Schnell ◽  
Emanuel Tirosh
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Central City ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
Cognitive Response ◽  
Restorative Environments ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Social Discomfort ◽  
Intervening Variables

Throughout the last few decades, plenty of attention has been paid to restorative environments that positively affect human psychological health. These studies show that restorative environments affect human beings emotionally, physiologically, and cognitively. Some studies focus on the cognitive effects of exposure to restorative environments. A widely used index that measures the cognitive response is the Perceived Restoration Potential Scale (PRS). Most studies employing the PRS have examined differences in human cognitive response between types of urban environments mainly urban versus green ones. We use Hartig’s questionnaire to expose differences between types of urban environments and ethnic groups. Variances between Arab and Jewish women were calculated in four environments: home; park; residential and central city environments. The effect of intervening variables such as exposure to thermal, noise, social and CO loads and social discomfort were tested. We find that dissimilar to urban typical built-up environments, green areas are highly restorative. Furthermore, differences in the restorativeness of different urban environments are low though significant. These differences depend on their function, aesthetic qualities, and amount of greenery. Ethno-national differences appear to affect the experience of restoration. While both ethnic related groups experienced a tremendous sense of restoration in parks, Jewish women enjoyed slightly higher levels of restoration mainly at home and in residential environments compared to Arab women who experienced higher sense of restorativness in central city environments. Jewish women experienced higher sense of being away and fascination. From the intervening variables, social discomfort explained 68 percent of the experience of restoration, noise explained 49 percent, thermal load explained 43 percent and ethnicity 14 percent of the variance in PRS.

scholarly journals Towards an interdisciplinary science of the subjective experience of remembering

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Simons ◽  
Kaja Julia Mitrenga ◽  
Charles Fernyhough
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Interdisciplinary Science ◽  
Arts And Humanities ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Different Levels

Some of the most interesting advances in the study of episodic memory have come from considering different levels of analysis. In this article, we focus on how insights from multiple disciplines can inform understanding of the subjective experience of remembering. For example, we highlight how inspiration from the arts and humanities can generate novel research questions that can elucidate the cognitive and brain mechanisms responsible for what it feels like to remember a previous experience. We also consider how a multi-level perspective can help to address some confusions in the literature, such as between reconsolidation and reconstruction, and how a full understanding of memory requires appreciation of social and cultural factors.

Fake Empathy and Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1556-1572
Author(s):  
Jordi Vallverdú ◽  
Toyoaki Nishida ◽  
Yoshisama Ohmoto ◽  
Stuart Moran ◽  
Sarah Lázare
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Different Levels

Empathy is a basic emotion trigger for human beings, especially while regulating social relationships and behaviour. The main challenge of this paper is study whether people's empathic reactions towards robots change depending on previous information given to human about the robot before the interaction. The use of false data about robot skills creates different levels of what we call ‘fake empathy'. This study performs an experiment in WOZ environment in which different subjects (n=17) interacting with the same robot while they believe that the robot is a different robot, up to three versions. Each robot scenario provides a different ‘humanoid' description, and out hypothesis is that the more human-like looks the robot, the more empathically can be the human responses. Results were obtained from questionnaires and multi- angle video recordings. Positive results reinforce the strength of our hypothesis, although we recommend a new and bigger and then more robust experiment.

scholarly journals The interplay between psychological need satisfaction and psychological need frustration within a work context: A variable and person-oriented approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Rouse ◽  
Philip J. F. Turner ◽  
Andrew G. Siddall ◽  
Julia Schmid ◽  
Martyn Standage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Basic Psychological Needs ◽  
Psychological Need ◽  
Need Frustration ◽  
Psychological Need Satisfaction

AbstractA plethora of empirical data support a positive (or “brighter”) pathway to optimal human functioning as specified within Basic Psychological Needs Theory (Ryan and Deci in Psychol Inq 11(4):319–33, 2000). Yet, far less is known about the negative (or “darker”) pathway, a process evoking of human dysfunction and ill-being (cf. Vansteenkiste and Ryan in J Psychother Integr 23(3):263, 2013). Further, debate surrounds the independence and interplay between psychological need satisfaction and psychological need frustration and how these dynamic constructs are experienced within individuals. In this work, variable and person-oriented analyses were employed to: (i) investigate the relationships between the basic psychological needs and symptoms of stress, depression and anxiety as well as with life satisfaction; and (ii) identify different psychological need profiles and their relationship with psychological function. Participants (N = 2236; M Age = 42.16 years; SD = 7.8) were UK-based operational firefighters who completed an online survey. Results of regression analyses showed a moderating effect of psychological need satisfaction on the relationship between need frustration and negative psychological symptoms. Latent profile analyses revealed five distinct basic psychological need profiles that carry implications for human psychological functioning. Some support for an asymmetrical relationship between need satisfaction and need frustration emerged (Vansteenkiste and Ryan in J Psychother Integr 23(3):263, 2013), yet, examples of above average need satisfaction and frustration scores were also observed. Worker profiles where psychological need frustration prevailed over need satisfaction had the poorest psychological health.

Ripensare gli indicatori per le politiche per l’innovazione attraverso il Design-thinking

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
Mauro Lombardi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Systemic View

The final chapter contains the proposal to rethink the policies for innovation based on the approach defined Design thinking. Particularly important is the introduction of concepts such as global order parameters, referring to a systemic view of the techno-economic dynamics, and of a complementary methodology, called Agile. Based on the proposed framework, the decision-making space of different actors (private, public) in pursuing objectives at different levels is then analyzed. In this way a multi-level and multi-stakeholder decision making process can be enriched through a multiplicity of indicators in order to timely verify the efficiency of implementation process.

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