scholarly journals Does Amy Know Ben Knows You Know Your Cards? A Computational Model of Higher-Order Epistemic Reasoning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedegao Zhang ◽  
Huang Ham ◽  
Wesley H. Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Dynamic Epistemic Logic ◽  
Card Game ◽  
Epistemic Reasoning ◽  
New Information ◽  
Starting Point

Reasoning about what other people know is an important cognitive ability, known as epistemic reasoning, which has fascinated psychologists, economists, and logicians. In this paper, we propose a computational model of humans’ epistemic reasoning, including higher-order epistemic reasoning—reasoning about what one person knows about another person’s knowledge—that we test in an experiment using a deductive card game called “Aces and Eights”. Our starting point is the model of perfect higher-order epistemic reasoners given by the framework of dynamic epistemic logic. We modify this idealized model with bounds on the level of feasible epistemic reasoning and stochastic update of a player’s space of possibilities in response to new information. These modifications are crucial for explaining the variation in human performance across different participants and different games in the experiment. Our results demonstrate how research on epistemic logic and cognitive models can inform each other.

scholarly journals The Dynamic Epistemic Logic for Actual Knowledge

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Dynamic Epistemic Logic ◽  
Logical Omniscience ◽  
Actual Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
Knowledge Models ◽  
Complete Axiomatization ◽  
New Information

The dynamic epistemic logic for actual knowledge models the phenomenon of actual knowledge change when new information is received. In contrast to the systems of dynamic epistemic logic which have been discussed in the past literature, our system is not burdened with the problem of logical omniscience, that is, an idealized assumption that the agent explicitly knows all classical tautologies and all logical consequences of his or her knowledge. We provide a sound and complete axiomatization for this logic.

scholarly journals Multi-Agent Abstract Argumentation Frameworks With Incomplete Knowledge of Attacks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Herzig ◽  
Antonio Yuste Ginel
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Dynamic Epistemic Logic ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Incomplete Knowledge ◽  
Abstract Argumentation ◽  
Multi Agent

We introduce a multi-agent, dynamic extension of abstract argumentation frameworks (AFs), strongly inspired by epistemic logic, where agents have only partial information about the conflicts between arguments. These frameworks can be used to model a variety of situations. For instance, those in which agents have bounded logical resources and therefore fail to spot some of the actual attacks, or those where some arguments are not explicitly and fully stated (enthymematic argumentation). Moreover, we include second-order knowledge and common knowledge of the attack relation in our structures (where the latter accounts for the state of the debate), so as to reason about different kinds of persuasion and about strategic features. This version of multi-agent AFs, as well as their updates with public announcements of attacks (more concretely, the effects of these updates on the acceptability of an argument) can be described using S5-PAL, a well-known dynamic-epistemic logic. We also discuss how to extend our proposal to capture arbitrary higher-order attitudes and uncertainty.

scholarly journals Decidability Results in First-Order Epistemic Planning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Occhipinti Liberman ◽  
Rasmus Kræmmer Rendsvig
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Dynamic Epistemic Logic ◽  
Existence Problem ◽  
Independent Action ◽  
First Order ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Action Representations ◽  
Multi Agent Planning

Propositional Dynamic Epistemic Logic (DEL) provides an expressive framework for epistemic planning, but lacks desirable features that are standard in first-order planning languages (such as problem-independent action representations via action schemas). A recent epistemic planning formalism based on First-Order Dynamic Epistemic Logic (FODEL) combines the strengths of DEL (higher-order epistemics) with those of first-order languages (lifted representation), yielding benefits in terms of expressiveness and representational succinctness. This paper studies the plan existence problem for FODEL planning, showing that while the problem is generally undecidable, the cases of single-agent planning and multi-agent planning with non-modal preconditions are decidable.

Topo-Logic as a Dynamic-Epistemic Logic

2017 ◽  
pp. 330-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Baltag ◽  
Aybüke Özgün ◽  
Ana Lucia Vargas Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Dynamic Epistemic Logic

Higher-order computational model for coded aperture spectral imaging

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. D12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Arguello ◽  
Hoover Rueda ◽  
Yuehao Wu ◽  
Dennis W. Prather ◽  
Gonzalo R. Arce
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Spectral Imaging ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Coded Aperture

scholarly journals New Pyridone-Based Derivatives as Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Agonists

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 11212
Author(s):  
Manuel Faúndez-Parraguez ◽  
Carlos Alarcón-Miranda ◽  
Young Hwa Cho ◽  
Hernán Pessoa-Mahana ◽  
Carlos Gallardo-Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
Receptor Type ◽  
Intracellular Camp ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
New Information ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

The activation of the human cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2R) is known to mediate analgesic and anti-inflammatory processes without the central adverse effects related to cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1R). In this work we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a novel series of N-aryl-2-pyridone-3-carboxamide derivatives tested as human cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2R) agonists. Different cycloalkanes linked to the N-aryl pyridone by an amide group displayed CB2R agonist activity as determined by intracellular [cAMP] levels. The most promising compound 8d exhibited a non-toxic profile and similar potency (EC50 = 112 nM) to endogenous agonists Anandamide (AEA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) providing new information for the development of small molecules activating CB2R. Molecular docking studies showed a binding pose consistent with two structurally different agonists WIN-55212-2 and AM12033 and suggested structural requirements on the pyridone substituents that can satisfy the orthosteric pocket and induce an agonist response. Our results provide additional evidence to support the 2-pyridone ring as a suitable scaffold for the design of CB2R agonists and represent a starting point for further optimization and development of novel compounds for the treatment of pain and inflammation.

scholarly journals Misconceptions in the health technology industry that are delaying the translation of artificial intelligence technology into relevant clinical applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-245
Author(s):  
Fabíola Macruz
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Technology Industry ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
The Status ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Technology

Abstract There is great optimism that artificial intelligence (AI), as it disrupts the medical world, will provide considerable improvements in all areas of health care, from diagnosis to treatment. In addition, there is considerable evidence that AI algorithms have surpassed human performance in various tasks, such as analyzing medical images, as well as correlating symptoms and biomarkers with the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. However, the mismatch between the performance of AI-based software and its clinical usefulness is still a major obstacle to its widespread acceptance and use by the medical community. In this article, three fundamental concepts observed in the health technology industry are highlighted as possible causative factors for this gap and might serve as a starting point for further evaluation of the structure of AI companies and of the status quo.

scholarly journals Playing cards with Hintikka An introduction to dynamic epistemic logic

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Ditmarsch ◽  
W. Van Der Hoek ◽  
B. P. Kooi
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Dynamic Epistemic Logic ◽  
Knowledge And Beliefs ◽  
Public Announcements

This contribution is a gentle introduction to so-called dynamic epistemic logics, that can describe how agents change their knowledge and beliefs. We start with a concise introduction to epistemic logic, through the example of one, two and finally three players holding cards; and, mainly for the purpose of motivating the dynamics, we also very summarily introduce the concepts of general and common knowledge. We then pay ample attention to the logic of public announcements, wherein agents change their knowledge as the result of public announcements. One crucial topic in that setting is that of unsuccessful updates: formulas that become false when announced. The Moore-sentences that were already extensively discussed at the conception of epistemic logic in Hintikka’s ‘Knowledge and Belief ’ (1962) give rise to such unsuccessful updates. After that, we present a few examples of more complex epistemic updates.

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