scholarly journals The strategic and epistemic properties of `know'

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Lorson ◽  
Hannah Rohde ◽  
Chris Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Degrees Of Belief ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Production Strategies ◽  
Speaker Intentions ◽  
Epistemic Standards ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
As If

In communicating about certainty, speakers make choices among available formulations and hearers will aim to recover speaker intentions. In two studies, we assess speakers' production choices and hearers' interpretations to test (a) how maximal certainty is formulated, (b) whether those formulations adjust depending on context, and (c) whether speakers' context-driven adjustments are apparent to hearers. We compare the lower-certainty formulation `I believe that the deadline is tomorrow' [`believe'] with two high-certainty formulations, `I know that the deadline is tomorrow' [`know'] and `The deadline is tomorrow' [bare assertion]. Following Williamson (2000) and De Rose (2002), it is unclear which one of the latter two conveys higher epistemic standards. Given the unclear picture, we investigate when (if ever) `know' should be felicitous to utter over the bare assertion. One reason could be that `know' may be uttered felicitously for a wider range of contexts than the bare assertion (De Rose, 1992).Furthermore, `know' might be a useful linguistic tool for speakers to structure the subsequent dialogue to their liking. By presupposing content speakers assume or act as if the conveyed information was already shared knowledge and not up for debate. Thus, hearers might be more inclined to accept and accommodate e.g. Lewis (1979) presupposed content than asserted content.We investigated whether interlocutors align in the way they convey and recover meaning from statements about degrees of belief, comparing their behaviour across cooperative and uncooperative scenarios. Our results suggest (a) that speakers use know>bare assertion>believe for content with successively lower evidentiality scores and that hearers likewise infer know>bare assertion>believe in the same relative ordering. Regarding (b), speakers used `know' strategically in the uncooperative scenario to overstate their knowledge indicating that the usage of `know' is context-dependent. Regarding (c), hearers seemingly fail to recover these production strategies. This may be due to our experimental design where we investigated comprehension from a bystander point of view, or might similarly suggest that speakers succeed with their strategic approach.

Car Drivers' Pattern of Eye Fixations on the Road and in the Laboratory

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos S. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Traffic Situation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Driving Condition ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
As If

Car drivers' eye fixations were registered while driving a car on the road or when in the viewing a slide which showed the same traffic situation. Even when the subjects of the second group were instructed to observe the slide presented as if they were driving there, they fixated their eyes on well-defined targets with quite different frequencies than those motorists who actually drove the car on the road. Furthermore, prolonged fixation times were observed in the laboratory as compared to the road-driving condition. The magnitude of the obtained differences was rather great. The results suggest that the subjects on the road fixated more task-oriented targets and also picked up more information per time unit than their counterparts in the laboratory. The results are discussed in relation to the experimental design.

Walk A Mile in Their Shoes: Perspective-Taking as an Intervention for Difficult Customer Interactions

2021 ◽  
pp. 109634802098684
Author(s):  
Lindsey Lee
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Affective Reactions ◽  
Affective Events Theory ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Affective Events ◽  
Frontline Managers

An important gap in the customer mistreatment literature is understanding how employees’ affective reactions can be modified to decrease negative affective reactions. The current study draws from affective events theory to examine how customer-focused perspective-taking, or employees taking the customer’s point of view, can modify employees’ affective reactions to customer mistreatment. Withholding customer compensation was examined as an outcome of customer-focused perspective-taking, and anger and empathy were examined as mediators. A two-group (customer-focused perspective-taking: yes or no) experimental design examined the between-subjects effect of customer-focused perspective-taking among 128 frontline managers. The results indicate mediation of anger and empathy between perspective-taking and customer compensation, supporting customer-focused perspective-taking as an intervention to help employees maximize service delivery. The most important theoretical contribution of the article is showing that by interrupting the affective events theory process at a within-person level, affective reactions and episodic performance can be modified when reacting to customer mistreatment.

The Crisis of Contemporary Culture: A View from the History of Russian Philosophy: (Fedotov – Weidle – Landau – Bicilli) Materials of the “round table”

2021 ◽  
pp. 184-212
Author(s):  
Boris I. Pruzhinin ◽  
◽  
Aleksandr V. Antoshchenko ◽  
Tanya N. Galcheva ◽  
Inna V. Golubovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Round Table ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Philosophy Of Culture ◽  
Local Experience ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Organism ◽  
As If

On August 26, 2021, with the support of “Voprosy filosofii” was held a “round table”, the participants of which considered it meaningful and relevant to address the legacy of experiencing and philosophical reflection of critical epochs by peo­ple who have fully endured the “breakdown” of being and an anthropological crisis – for comprehending the disturbing changes taking place in modern soci­ety. In this regard, the intellectual biographies of thinkers who felt a colossal shock in the 1920s and who tried to comprehend their local experience as a global are exceptional. In the authors’ focus are ideas and arguments of the philosophers of the Russian Abroad about the crisis of their contemporary culture (Fedotov – Weidle – Landau – Bicilli). The “round table” is an attempt to correlate their experience with the modern reality of the anthropological crisis. The studying intellectuals underlined the death of culture as the main threat to the life of the social organism. The salvation of culture, first of all, depends on the spiritual efforts of people. From this point of view, philosophy has to com­prehend the principles that make it possible to resist the processes of cultural de­struction. And in this regard, the personality of the philosopher is of exceptional importance, his willingness to live and work “as if history would never end, and at the same time, as if it ended today” (G.P. Fedotov). The philosophy of culture forms the ideal of personal choice as a free submission to universal human goals. The relevance of the intellectual and spiritual search of the “Russian Abroad” thinkers can't be overestimated since this crisis continues today, entering ever new, previously unpredictable phases. The struggle for culture continues. There­fore, the intellectual searches of the "Russian Abroad" thinkers are essential to­day. The core of the discussions was three actual topics in the context of their comprehension by the philosophers: 1. The crisis of religious consciousness; 2. The crisis of scientific rationality; 3. Crisis of cultural identity.

scholarly journals Die lewe en werk van Gerhard Ebeling (06 Julie 1912 – 30 September 2001): ʼn Leksikografiese bydrae tot Reformasie 500

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriël M.J. Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Martin Luther ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gold Mine ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
As If

Focusing on Ebeling’s own account of his ‘theological path’, autobiographical notes in hispublications and a gold mine of information in the biography of Albrecht Beutel on Ebelingpublished in 2012 the article describes important events with theological significance in lifeof Gerhard Ebeling. Ebeling is often portrayed in theological literature as a representativeof the so-called New Hermeneutic. For many people the name Ebeling is synonymous withhermeneutics, as if his only contribution to theology was the development of ‘a newhermeneutical theory’. This is a misconception. The article introduces the reader to anotherand more important point of view to value the life and work of Ebeling – his interest in theReformer Martin Luther, that not only had profound influence on Ebeling’s own theologicalthinking, but also resulted in many ground breakingpublications on Luther. The articlecelebrates Ebeling as one of the most important Luther scholars of all times.

scholarly journals Nietzsche e a Historiografia Prussiana: análise de fragmentos póstumos da Primeira Fase de sua obra

Antíteses ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 979
Author(s):  
Celso Kraemer ◽  
Dominique Santos ◽  
Aniele Crescêncio
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
German States ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If

RESUMO Ao observar as relações de Nietzsche com seus contemporâneos verifica-se que ele estava ciente das principais discussões relativas à Unificação da Alemanha (1871). Para a unificação era necessário que os 39 estados alemães compartilhassem o sentimento de pertencimento a uma pátria comum. Nesse meandro, os historiadores prussianos do século XIX desempenharam papel fundamental ao produzir um ambiente filosófico nacionalista, uma maneira científica e objetiva de pensar sobre a história. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender as interações de Nietzsche com estes círculos intelectuais. Para isto, foram selecionados quatro dos chamados fragmentos póstumos de Nietzsche datados entre 1871 e 1873. De acordo com o ponto de vista de Nietzsche, as pretensões dos historiadores, não tinham nenhuma crítica, pois acreditavam, ingenuamente, que a verdade era um alvo tangível. Por outro lado, ele indicou a necessidade de uma história ligada à cultura, que era trabalhada em conjunto com "instintos artísticos".  ABSTRACT By observing the relationship of Nietzsche with his contemporaries one can notice that he was aware of the main discussions related to the unification of Germany (1871). Unification required 39 German states to share the feeling of belonging to a common homeland. Prussian historians of the nineteenth century played a key role in producing such a nationalist philosophical environment, a scientific and objectivist way of thinking about History. This work aim is to understand the interactions between Nietzsche and this intelectual circles. For this purpose, four of the so-called posthumous Nietzsche fragments, dated between 1871 and 1873, were selected. According to Nietzsche's point of view, some historians had a naive pretension to reach the truth, as if it were a tangible target. On another hand, he pointed out the necessity of a link between History and Culture, which should be understood altogether with ‘artistic instincts’. 

Coordinating Nomadic Evaluation Practices by Supporting the Emergence of Virtual Communities

2012 ◽  
pp. 29-48
Author(s):  
Marianne Laurent
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Project Teams ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Application Framework ◽  
Dialog Systems ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

The research and development on spoken dialog systems embraces technical, user-centered and business-related perspectives. It brings together stakeholders belonging to distinct job families, therefore prone to different traditions and practices. When assessing their contributions, as well as the final solution, they conduct very nomadic evaluation protocols. As a result, the field is eager to set up norms for evaluation. Contributions abound in this way. However, despite standardization exercises, we believe that the absence of common conceptual foundations and dedicated “knowledge creation spaces” frustrates the effort of convergence. The chapter therefore presents an application framework meant to rationalize the design of evaluation protocols inside and across project teams. This Multi Point Of VieW Evaluation Refine Studio (MPOWERS) enforces common models for the design of evaluation protocols. It aims at facilitating, on the one hand, the individual evaluator-users task and, on the second hand, the emergence of (first virtual, then maybe real) communities of practice and multidisciplinary communities of interest. It illustrates how implementing shared knowledge frameworks and vocabulary for non-ambiguous asynchronous discussions can support the emergence of such virtual communities.

which challenges him into interpretative activity, into being a solver and realizer of the text rather than just a passive consumer of it. I have subjected the giraffe to such prolonged analysis because it is an emblematic beast. The point I want to stress in this paper is that Heliodoros’ whole novel demands an active interpretative response from his reader. The Aithioptka is a much more challen­ ging read than any of the other Greek novels, precisely because it is pervaded at every level by the kind of self-conscious game-playing typified by the riddle of the giraffe. Here, for instance, is the Egyptian priest, Kalasiris, who acts as narrator for about a third of the whole novel, describing a dream he had on the island of Zakynthos: as I slept, a vision of an old man appeared to me. Age had withered him almost to a skeleton, except that his cloak was hitched up to reveal a thigh that retained some vestige of the strength of his youth. He wore a leather helmet on his head, and his expression was one of cunning and many wiles; he was lame in one leg, as if from a wound of some kind. (5.22.1) The vision reproaches Kalasiris for failing even to pay him a visit while in the vicinity, prophesies punishment for the omission, but conveys greetings from his wife to Kalasiris’ charge, the heroine Charikleja, ‘since she esteems chastity above all things’ (5.22.3). Again a riddle is set up by not immediately identifying the old man, and again the description is presented from the point of view of a character within the story. Here, however, the situation is rather more complicated, since Kalasiris himself has two aspects, as narrator and character within his own narration. As narrator he knows the identity of the dream figure, but in his presentation of his own experience he omits any explanatory gloss, and re-enacts the perplexity of his initial reaction. He describes the dream as he saw it, rather than as he subsequently understood it. Again the reader is challenged to disambiguate the riddle by matching the points of the description with knowledge acquired elsewhere. Every detail corresponds to something in the Homeric poems.4 This time Heliodoros has succeeded in keeping the easiest clues to the end, particularly the formulaic epithet polytropos (‘of many wiles’), proverbially associated with one epic individual, and the reference to a wound in the leg which also clinches its owner’s recognition in the original. Further clues are offered by the fact

2014 ◽  
pp. 320-320
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Game Playing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
As If

I.—Coral in the “Dolomites” of South Tyrol

1894 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria M. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Local Variation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The South ◽  
South Tyrol ◽  
The Alps ◽  
As If

The Raibl period was the natural sequel of the variable and unequal movements which prevailed over Alpine areasinPermian and pre-Raibl Triassic time. Many basins formerly open were then enclosed; rauchwackes and beds of dolomite and gypsum were interbedded with fossiliferous deposits. Whereas,insome places, the dolomitic nature of the deposit is confined to special horizons, in the South Tyrol “Dolomites” it may almost be said to reign throughout. This makes it all but impossible to say when Schlern dolomite ends and Raibl beds begin. in the present incomplete state of our knowledge with regard to the heteropism of the Raibl series throughout the whole Alps, I have judged it best to begin the Raibl horizon at any particular place with the first appearance of a distinctly Raibl fauna, even although that fauna may not have been proved to correspond to the acknowledged lowest fauna of Raibl age in distant parts of the Alps.To return for a moment to the succession of Schlern dolomite upon the Cassian beds of Enneberg, I found that, where Schlern dolomite rests on Cipit limestones, it has at its base a conglomeratic appearance, as if Cipit blocks had been imbedded in a beautifully fine white or reddish dolomitic mud, instead of the dingy brown and black tufaceous sediments. This is the case in several places, e.g. upon Pordoi and Sella Jochs, where there is no evidence of unconformity. Again, where the dolomite succeeds the thin-bedded marls and limestones of Cassian age, it does so conformably; but one and the same bed is at some parts calcareous and fossiliferous, at other parts dolomitic and unfossiliferous. Seeing that this holds good at various horizons in Lower as well as Middle Trias over the whole area of South Tyrol, we need f in d nothing remarkable in it from the point of view of the stratigraphical succession. Indeed, I have only mentioned these observations as an indication of the particular mode of transition from conditions of deposition favourable for the Cassian fauna to those in which the Raibl fauna was enabled to make an occasional appearance in the South Tyrol dolomites. At a very little distance above the base of Schlern dolomite all signs of Coral life disappear, and the deposit looks a homogeneous rock, although always retaining local variation in the degree of its dolomitism. At this stage the rock often shows typical Oolite structure. As regards the presence or want of stratification, it has as little to do with the question of the Coral Keef origin of the dolomite as the amount of magnesic salts in the rock—stratification is present and absent in one and the same “Keef.”

scholarly journals God, the Christ and the Spirit in William P. Young’s bestseller The shack seen from a Pauline and Johannine perspective

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andries G. Van Aarde
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Church ◽  
As If

Among its more than a million readers, The shack has empowered traditionalists and seekers among Christian spirituals but has also been condemned for patripassionism and modalism. This article consists mainly of two sections. The first section considers the issue of reviewers of The shack often assessing its religious legitimacy and the value of its message by means of critically questioning its adherence to texts in the Christian Bible. The second section focuses on the accusation that, dogmatically seen, The shack’s narrative point of view is heresy, especially because of its nonstandard view of Christian dogma with regard to God Triune. The aim of the article is to argue that a great deal of commonality exists between the author of The shack and both Pauline and Johannine mysticism. With regard to their God talk, the author and these biblical writers express more of a present immanent communion with the transcendental God than an expectancy of authenticity that still lies in the future and exists outside humankind’s immanent time and space. It is as if they draw the end time into the sphere of the here and now by passionately talking about communion with God as a process of the future, inhaled by the present. By doing so, the God-threesome meet wounded humankind in a ‘shack’, not in the ‘church’ as such or ‘Scripture’ as such as if God could be placed in a box.

The Work of an English Mathematical Student

1913 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
H. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Subject ◽  
As If

A few weeks ago Professor Babb invited me to give you a short address on some topic connected with the study of mathematics at English schools and universities. In thinking over the subject I have naturally tried to recall the various impressions I received during my school and college days, leaving out, of course, the marks of the cane. For a little while it has seemed just as if time had been put back ten years or so, that I was again looking at things from the point of view of the student and comparing experiences and opinions with my college friends.

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