scholarly journals Analysis System for Emotional Behavior in Football (ASEB-F): Matches of FC Red Bull Salzburg without Supporters during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Draft version 2 06-12-2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Christian Leitner ◽  
Fabio Richlan
Keyword(s):  
External Factor ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Draft Version ◽  
European Football ◽  
Temporal Occurrence ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Red Bull

During the COVID-19 pandemic the “Austrian Bundesliga” – as in many other European football leagues – resumed the season around the end of May 2020 without supporters in the stadiums. These so-called “ghost games” represent a unique and unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of the (missing) audience on the behavior and experience of sports professionals. The present study is the first of its kind, aimed at addressing the psychological effects of these “ghost games” on football players, staff, and officials.The newly developed “Analysis System for Emotional Behavior in Football” (ASEB-F) was used to video analyze and compare the behavior of players, staff, and officials in – in sum – 20 games of FC Red Bull Salzburg in the “Championship Groups” of season 2018/19 (“regular games”) and season 2019/20 (“ghost games”). Additionally, the two seasons were compared based on official matchday statistics.Overall, there were 19.5% fewer emotional situations in “ghost games” than in “regular games”. The results further show a relative increase in the number of emotional behaviors “Self-Adaptor” (+0.8%), “Protest” (+4.2%) and “Fair-Play-Behavior” (+3.1%) in “ghost games”, whereas “Words fight” (-5.1%) and “Discussion” (-5.1%) decreased in “ghost games”. In “regular games” referees were actively involved in 39.4% of all documented emotional situations, whereas in “ghost games” referees were actively involved in only 25.2% of all documented emotional situations (-14.2%). Chronological analysis within games – from kick-on to kick-off – further shows substantial differences in the temporal occurrence of emotional behavior between “regular games” and “ghost games”.The study provides unprecedented insights into the effects of missing supporters in the football games during the COVID-19 pandemic on emotional behavior on the pitch. Without the external factor of supporters, players and staff acted more factually and got less carried away with longer lasting and extensive “Words fights” and “Discussion”. The evidence from this study indicates that – from a sport psychological perspective – the absence of supporters has a substantial influence on the experience and behavior of players, staff, and officials alike.

scholarly journals Analysis System for Emotional Behavior in Football (ASEB-F): matches of FC Red Bull Salzburg without supporters during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Christian Leitner ◽  
Fabio Richlan
Keyword(s):  
External Factor ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Football Players ◽  
European Football ◽  
Temporal Occurrence ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Red Bull

AbstractDuring the COVID-19 pandemic the “Austrian Bundesliga”—as in many other European football leagues—resumed the season around the end of May 2020 without supporters in the stadiums. These so-called “ghost games” represent a unique and unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of the (missing) audience on the behavior and experience of sports professionals. The present study is the first of its kind, aimed at addressing the psychological effects of these “ghost games” on football players, staff, and officials. The newly developed “Analysis System for Emotional Behavior in Football” (ASEB-F) was used to video analyze and compare the behavior of players, staff, and officials in—in sum—20 games of FC Red Bull Salzburg in the “Championship Groups” of season 2018/19 (“regular games”) and season 2019/20 (“ghost games”). Additionally, the two seasons were compared based on official matchday statistics. Overall, there were 19.5% fewer emotional situations in “ghost games” than in “regular games”. The results further show a relative increase in the number of emotional behaviors “Self-Adaptor” (+0.8%), “Protest” (+4.2%), and “Fair-Play-Behavior” (+3.1%) in “ghost games”, whereas “Words fight” (−5.1%) and “Discussion” (−5.1%) decreased in “ghost games”. In “regular games” referees were actively involved in 39.4% of all documented emotional situations, whereas in “ghost games” referees were actively involved in only 25.2% of all documented emotional situations (−14.2%). Chronological analysis within games—from kick-on to kick-off—further shows substantial differences in the temporal occurrence of emotional behavior between “regular games” and “ghost games”. The study provides unprecedented insights into the effects of missing supporters in the football games during the COVID-19 pandemic on emotional behavior on the pitch. Without the external factor of supporters, players and staff acted more factually and got less carried away with longer-lasting and extensive “Words fights” and “Discussion”. The evidence from this study indicates that—from a sport psychological perspective—the absence of supporters has a substantial influence on the experience and behavior of players, staff, and officials alike.

Trends in the gameplay of European football players

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Game Analysis ◽  
Team Game ◽  
European Football ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Student’S T Test

AbstractBackground: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of footballers who participated in the 2008 and 2012 European Championships. The study was conducted by analysis of basic technical and tactical game.Material/Methods: The observation method in the form of a kinematic game analysis system was used to collect necessary data. The research material was based on analysis of 304 players participating in the 2008 European Championships and 277 players in the 2012 European Championships, with each tournament consisting of 31 matches. Statistica software was used to apply the Student’s t-test for the independent groups.Results: Higher values of indicators determining player’s efficiency were found in the teams participating in the 2012 tournament; significant differences were found in the total number (p = 0.048) and accuracy (p = 0.034) of shots taken by the most successful teams, in the number (p = 0.044), efficiency (p = 0.002) and accuracy (p < 0.001) of passes as well as in the length of distance covered (p < 0.001).Conclusions: A systematic increase in the efficiency of passes in subsequent tournaments points to an upward trend of this element in the game. An increase was also noted in the number of shots taken, which was accompanied by a decrease in shot accuracy. Modern football has become a fast team game with lots of passes of high reliability. Thus, training of young players should be focused on the development of playing techniques and motor skills

scholarly journals INDICATORS OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS’ MIGRATION IN LEADING EUROPEAN LEAGUES

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Eduard Sobol ◽  
Andrii Svatyev ◽  
Eduard Doroshenko
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Financial Activity ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Financial Fair Play ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
Transfer Cost ◽  
European Football ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Generalization Of Data

Introduction. Modern football is characterized by increasing trends in migration and transfer activity in the leading European football leagues and a decrease in the number of students of their own children's and youth academies of the leading football clubs of the European Championships for the period 2009-2019. The aim of the study is to investigate and determine the level of financial support for the migration of qualified players in leading European clubs on the basis of their transfer activities (according to open sources). Material and methods: analysis and generalization of data of scientific and methodical literature sources and the Internet, pedagogical observations, content analysis of materials of official websites of football clubs, UEFA and FIFA, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. In the «TOP-20» ranking of leading European football clubs at the end of 2019 in terms of total transfer costs, which determine the migration of qualified players, there is the following distribution: «Barclays Premier League» (England) – 8 football clubs (40%) with transfer costs € 4,726 million (43,40%); «Liga de Futbol Profesional, Primera Division» (Spain) – 4 football clubs (20%) with transfer costs of 2415 million € (22,17%); «Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A TIM» (Italy) – 4 football clubs (20%) with transfer costs of € 1,816 million (16,67%); «Le championnat de France de football» (France) – 2 football clubs (10%) with transfer costs of 1261 million € (11,58%); «Fußball-Bundesliga» (Germany) – 2 football clubs (10%) with a transfer cost of € 673 million (6,18%). Conclusions. Analysis of the structure of profits «TOP-20» ranking of leading European clubs, shows that the average is: about 44% – the sale of rights to telecast competitions, about 40% – advertising revenue and about 16% is the share of revenue from tickets and season tickets. Indicators of financial activity of leading European football clubs are monitored by UEFA and FIFA programs for compliance with the requirements and criteria of financial «Fair Play».

scholarly journals The need to change the organization of athletes psychological training for competitions

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 00032
Author(s):  
Alexey Nikolaev ◽  
Natalia Shlat ◽  
Irina Kolbasova ◽  
Julia Timofeeva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Psychological Condition ◽  
Psychological Training ◽  
Tactical Training ◽  
And Behavior

The article considers the arguments about the need to rethink the concept of athletes’ psychological training for the competition. The idea of the article is the shift to the teaching the means of individual psychological training of athletes for the competition. The accuracy of this concept is grounded on the empirical data. The article presents the data of the comparative analysis of employing by athletes the means of psychological training for the competition and opinion of coaches about it. The authors explain the reasons why coaches do not prepare football players psychologically in the process of physical, technical, and tactical training. 5 reasons to explain it are considered in the article. In the process of coaches’ training they are taught to regulate the psychological condition and behavior of athletes, but they are not taught how to train the athletes to do that themselves. The necessity of training football players in the means of self-regulation of their psychological condition for the matches has been proved.

scholarly journals Investigating Controls on the Formation and Distribution of Wintertime Storage of Water in Supraglacial Lakes

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick Julius Lampkin ◽  
Lora Koenig ◽  
Casey Joseph ◽  
Jason Eric Box
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Channel Networks ◽  
Supraglacial Lakes ◽  
Lake Model ◽  
Temporal Occurrence ◽  
Atmospheric Factors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Percolation Zone

Supraglacial lakes over the Greenland Ice Sheet can demonstrate multi-model drainage states. Lakes can demonstrate incomplete drainage, where residual melt can become buried under ice and snow and survive throughout the winter. We evaluate atmospheric factors that influence the propensity for the formation of buried lakes over the ice sheet. We examine the spatial and temporal occurrence and behavior of buried lakes over the Jakobshavn Isbrae and Zachariae Isstrøm outlet basins and assess the magnitude of insolation necessary to preserve melt water using a numerical lake model from 2009 to 2012. Buried lakes tend to occur at higher elevations within the ablation zone and those present at elevations &gt; 1000 m tend to reoccur over several seasons. Lakes without buried water are relatively small (∼1 km2), whereas lakes with buried water are larger (∼6–10 km2). Lake area is correlated with the number of seasons sub-surface water persists. Buried lakes are relatively deep and associated with complex supraglacial channel networks. Winter stored water could be a precursor to the formation of supraglacial channels. Simulations of the insulation potential of accumulated snow and ice on the surface of lakes indicate substantial regional differences and inter-annual variability. With the possibility of inland migration of supraglacial lakes, buried lakes could be important in the evolution of ablation/percolation zone hydrology.

scholarly journals Computational Estimation of Football Player Wages

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Yaldo ◽  
L. Shamir
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Football Player ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Team Management ◽  
Computational Estimation ◽  
Acceleration Data ◽  
European Football ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThe wage of a football player is a function of numerous aspects such as the player’s skills, performance in the previous seasons, age, trajectory of improvement, personality, and more. Based on these aspects, salaries of football players are determined through negotiation between the team management and the agents. In this study we propose an objective quantitative method to determine football players’ wages based on their skills. The method is based on the application of pattern recognition algorithms to performance (e.g., scoring), behavior (e.g., aggression), and abilities (e.g., acceleration) data of football players. Experimental results using data from 6,082 players show that the Pearson correlation between the predicted and actual salary of the players is ~0.77 (p < .001). The proposed method can be used as an assistive technology when negotiating players salaries, as well as for performing quantitative analysis of links between the salary and the performance of football players. The method is based on the performance and skills of the players, but does not take into account aspects that are not related directly to the game such as the popularity of the player among fans, predicted merchandise sales, etc, which are also factors of high impact on the salary, especially in the case of the team lead players and superstars. Analysis of player salaries in eight European football leagues show that the skills that mostly affect the salary are largely consistent across leagues, but some differences exist. Analysis of underpaid and overpaid players shows that overpaid players tend to be stronger, but are inferior in their reactions, vision, acceleration, agility, and balance compared to underpaid football players.

scholarly journals The Effect of the First Goal on Match Score in Football for the Home Field Advantage

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Tuğbay Inan ◽  
Beyza Cetin ◽  
Ozge Gungorur
Keyword(s):  
Sport Management ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Sports Industry ◽  
Package Program ◽  
European Football ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The interest in sports in the world is increasing in parallel with the developments in communication technology, . As a result of this increase, the number of researches conducted on sports industry and sport management has also showed an increase. The field of sport that attracts the most attention worldwide is football. Data analysis and statistical research are also included in football researches in this field of sports that intertwines with different fields of science such as football management, finance and sports industry. In addition to the econometric measurement methods on the related researches, the variables affecting the results of the competition and the statistical analyzes that determine the impact strength of these variables are more abundant in the literature. As a result of the competitions, the variables affecting the results of a competition attract the attention of football players, technical team, fans, media organizations and sports managers. When it comes to this study,  it was planned to statistically determine the effect of the first goal in the European football leagues on the results of the match. From 5 countries in Europe Spain, France, Germany, England and Italy in particular, data belonging to the matches of the teams in which they were the home team between 2014-2017 seasons was used. A total of 5478 matches were analyzed in which 1140 matches were from Spain,  918 from Germany, 1140 from France, 1140 from England and 1140 from Italy. The relationship between the first goal and the match result was determined by the chi-square independence test. SPSS 24.0 package program was used in the analysis. The first goal independent variable in the study was examined and it was found that there was a relationship between the first goal and the match results (p <0.05). As far as  results of the research data are concerned, it was found that there was a relationship between the first goal scored and the match results  of the 5 major European  football leagues when the teams were the home teams  during the three seasons. Accordingly, the importance of the first goal was demonstrated by this study.

scholarly journals Prejudice in the People’s Game: A Content Analysis of Race/Ethnicity in Polish Televised Football

2020 ◽  
pp. 216747952093948
Author(s):  
Arne van Lienden ◽  
Jacco van Sterkenburg
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Head Coaches ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Sport Media ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
European Football ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
A Site

This study explores how televised football in Poland serves as a site for the (re)construction of discourses surrounding race and ethnicity and to what extent this squares with previous studies on sport media conducted mainly in Western countries. In our analysis, we identify the discourses surrounding race and ethnicity that the commentators in televised football draw on and examine how they relate to hegemonic discourses and categorizations in wider Polish society. Our findings show that Polish football commentators draw on transnationally circulating racialized/ethnicized discourses on assumed superior physicality when talking about Black football players and on supposed negative psychological capabilities when talking about White Southern European football players. The findings also show that when talking about non-Polish players and head coaches, the commentators regularly rely on an us-versus-them frame that constructs foreign influences as a threat.

scholarly journals Kinematic and Kinetic Analyses of the Vertical Jump with and without Header as Performed by Para-Footballers with Cerebral Palsy

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Reina ◽  
José Elvira ◽  
Manuel Valverde ◽  
Alba Roldán ◽  
Javier Yanci
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Relevant Variable ◽  
3D Motion Analysis ◽  
Vertical Jumping ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Functional Profiles

Vertical jump is a relevant variable in the classification of football for individuals with cerebral palsy. In this regard, the literature is limited. There are no studies assessing vertical jumping ability through kinematic methods and in more specific football game situations, such as jumps with a header. The goals of the present study were to assess how the modification of jumping conditions (without and with a header) might affect the kinematic and kinetic parameters of counter movement jumping, and whether the functional profiles of the players constrain their ability to jump vertically, both with and without a header. Thirteen male football players with cerebral palsy (27.7 ± 5.7 years old) and different functional profiles participated in this study. All the players performed ten counter movement jumps with arms swing, five headed a ball and five did not. The kinematic parameters were recorded with a 3D motion analysis system, and the kinetic parameters using a force platform. Significantly smaller angles of the hips (dg = 0.75–0.79; p < 0.01) and knees (dg = 1.04–1.15; p < 0.05), as well as greater ankle extension (dg = −0.71; p < 0.05), were observed during the eccentric phase of the jumps with a header. There were also asymmetries between legs in ankle extension during jumps with a header (dg = −1.06; p < 0.05), which could be an adjustment element for the precision of the jumps (i.e., header action). It should be mentioned that the jumping pattern could be partially affected by the functional profile of football players with cerebral palsy.

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