scholarly journals When Every Day is a High School Reunion: Social Media Comparisons and Self-Esteem

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Midgley ◽  
Sabrina Thai ◽  
Penelope Lockwood ◽  
Chloe Kovacheff ◽  
Elizabeth Page-Gould
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Made In

Although past research has shown that social comparisons made through social media contribute to negative outcomes, little is known about the nature of these comparisons (domains, direction, and extremity), variables that determine comparison outcomes (post valence, perceiver’s self-esteem), and how these comparisons differ from those made in other contexts (e.g., text messages, face-to-face interactions). In four studies (N=798), we provide the first comprehensive analysis of how individuals make and respond to social comparisons on social media, using comparisons made in real-time while browsing news feeds (Study 1), experimenter-generated comparisons (Study 2), and comparisons made on social media vs. in other contexts (Studies 3-4). More frequent and more extreme upward comparisons resulted in immediate declines in self-evaluations as well as cumulative negative effects on individuals’ state self-esteem, mood, and life satisfaction after a social media browsing session. Moreover, downward and lateral comparisons occurred less frequently and did little to mitigate upward comparisons’ negative effects. Furthermore, low self-esteem individuals were particularly vulnerable to making more frequent and more extreme upward comparisons on social media, which in turn threatened their already-lower self-evaluations. Finally, social media comparisons resulted in greater declines in self-evaluation than those made in other contexts. Together, these studies provide the first insights into the cumulative impact of multiple comparisons, clarify the role of self-esteem in online comparison processes, and demonstrate how the characteristics and impact of comparisons on social media differ from those made in other contexts.

scholarly journals When Every Day is a High School Reunion: Social Media Comparisons and Self-Esteem

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Midgley ◽  
Sabrina Thai ◽  
Penelope Lockwood ◽  
Chloe Kovacheff ◽  
Elizabeth Page-Gould
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Made In

Although past research has shown that social comparisons made through social media contributeto negative outcomes, little is known about the nature of these comparisons (domains, direction, and extremity), variables that determine comparison outcomes (post valence, perceiver’s self- esteem), and how these comparisons differ from those made in other contexts (e.g., text messages, face-to-face interactions). In four studies (N=798), we provide the first comprehensive analysis of how individuals make and respond to social comparisons on social media, using comparisons made in real-time while browsing news feeds (Study 1), experimenter- generated comparisons (Study 2), and comparisons made on social media vs. in other contexts (Studies 3-4). More frequent and more extreme upward comparisons resulted in immediate declines in self-evaluations as well as cumulative negative effects on individuals’ state self- esteem, mood, and life satisfaction after a social media browsing session. Moreover, downward and lateral comparisons occurred less frequently and did little to mitigate upward comparisons’ negative effects. Furthermore, low self-esteem individuals were particularly vulnerable to making more frequent and more extreme upward comparisons on social media, which in turn threatened their already-lower self-evaluations. Finally, social media comparisons resulted in greater declines in self-evaluation than those made in other contexts. Together, these studies provide the first insights into the cumulative impact of multiple comparisons, clarify the role of self-esteem in online comparison processes, and demonstrate how the characteristics and impact of comparisons on social media differ from those made in other contexts.

Benefits and Risks Associated With Use of Social Media by People With Health Issues

2022 ◽  
pp. 1626-1650
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Imai
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Use Of Social Media

Previous studies have found that individuals with various health issues use social media for various purposes. Social media help them obtain support from other users and manage identity. However, past research also pointed out risks and challenges associated with the use of social media by those with health issues. One of the risks is stigmatization they could experience when using social media. Even though previous studies revealed serious issues related to stigma in face-to-face settings, the negative effects of stigmatization on social media are left unexplored. To facilitate research on the issues, first, this chapter reviews past works focusing on the use of social media by those with various health issues. Next, previous studies on stigma associated with these illnesses and disabilities are reviewed. Finally, this chapter proposes future directions of research on the issues.

Benefits and Risks Associated With Use of Social Media by People With Health Issues

2020 ◽  
pp. 206-230
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Imai
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Use Of Social Media

Previous studies have found that individuals with various health issues use social media for various purposes. Social media help them obtain support from other users and manage identity. However, past research also pointed out risks and challenges associated with the use of social media by those with health issues. One of the risks is stigmatization they could experience when using social media. Even though previous studies revealed serious issues related to stigma in face-to-face settings, the negative effects of stigmatization on social media are left unexplored. To facilitate research on the issues, first, this chapter reviews past works focusing on the use of social media by those with various health issues. Next, previous studies on stigma associated with these illnesses and disabilities are reviewed. Finally, this chapter proposes future directions of research on the issues.

scholarly journals How Downward and Upward Comparisons on Facebook Influence Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissists’ Self-Esteem—A Priming Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Phillip Ozimek ◽  
Hans-Werner Bierhoff ◽  
Elke Rohmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Vulnerable Narcissism ◽  
And Control

Past research showed that social networking sites represent perfect platforms to satisfy narcissistic needs. The present study aimed to investigate how grandiose (GN) and vulnerable narcissism (VN) as well as social comparisons are associated with Facebook activity, which was measured with a self-report on three activity dimensions: Acting, Impressing, and Watching. In addition, the state self-esteem (SSE) was measured with respect to performance, social behavior, and appearance. One hundred and ten participants completed an online survey containing measures of SSE and Facebook activity and a priming procedure with three experimental conditions embedded in a social media context (upward comparison, downward comparison, and control group). Results indicated, as expected, that high VN was negatively associated with SSE on each subscale and the overall score. In addition, it was found that VN, but not GN, displayed positive associations with frequency of Facebook activities. Finally, it was proposed and confirmed that VN in interaction with the priming of downward comparisons negatively affected SSE. The conclusion drawn is that VN represents a key variable for the prediction of self-esteem as well as for the frequency of Facebook activity.

scholarly journals Social Media Addiction and Personality: A Review of Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-630
Author(s):  
Viktor P. Sheinov
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Media Addiction ◽  
Physical Health Problems ◽  
Negative Links

Social networks are taking up more and more place in the daily life of modern people, becoming an integral part of our existence. At the same time, the role of social networks is constantly growing along with the rapid growth in the number of their active users. As online interaction for many has become more used than face-to-face communication, social networks have begun to seriously affect the way of life, communication, interests and psychology of people. The use of social networks is growing exponentially and has covered more than a third of the worlds population; therefore, researchers from different countries are actively studying social networks. Considerable empirical data has been accumulated that requires generalization and understanding, which is the purpose of this review. We found positive links between social media addiction and depression, anxiety, stress, neuroticism, emotional problems, low self-esteem, cyber-victimization, physical health problems, mental disorders, loneliness, procrastination, smartphone and internet addiction, and infidelity in relationships. Negative links were revealed between social media addiction and life satisfaction, academic performance of schoolchildren and students, labor productivity and commitment to the organization of its employees, social capital, and age. The main reason for social media addiction is the need for communication, and women are generally more active in social networks than men. This review provides only those links of social media addiction that have been established in a number of studies conducted in different countries. The presented results were obtained abroad using foreign language questionnaires that determine social media addiction. The lack of such a reliable and valid tool among Russian-speaking psychologists has become a serious factor hindering the conduct of similar domestic research. With this in view, the author developed a specially designed social media addiction questionnaire.

scholarly journals Pembentukan Harga Diri: Analisis Presentasi Diri Pelajar SMA di Media Sosial

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Alfi Damayanti ◽  
Dian Purworini
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Presentation Of Self ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Factor Data ◽  
Two Phases

Self-presentation is a specific action of self-disclosure presenting a positive impression to others. Self-presentation is rapidly growing by the presence of various social media, esppecially Instagram. Instagram as one of social media with a various features and large user, bring major affect to teenager’s presentation of self in the media. This is inseparatable part of teenager process in searching their indentity. This research conducted in SMA Negeri Mojogedang by taking sample of 264 students. The data were collected by using questionnaire. It is a descriptive quantitative reaserch which uses factor data analysis. The findings of the research show that self – presentation of teenagers using Instagram media occurs in two phases, the first phase is self-concept creation, students of SMA Negeri Mojogedang try to create their thoughts and feelings in certain ways that refer to themselves as the object. These teenagers want to show their personality to the public. The second phase is self-esteem creation, this phase contains emotional feeling and self – evaluation towards the first concept they have created. Self-concept that has been created by students of state Senior High School Mojogedang in Instagram can improve their self-presentation that will build their self-esteem. In the reality, it is a fundamental that a teenager wants their presence to be recognized and to be known by public. They try to present themselves widely and passionately by showing a positive image of themselves.Presentasi diri merupakan bentuk pengungkapan diri yang spesifik untuk menunjukkan kesan positif dihadapan orang lain. Presentasi diri berkembang pesat dengan kehadiran berbagai media sosial terutama media Instagram. Instagram sebagai salah satu media sosial memberikan ruang yang cukup luas, sehingga dapat mempengaruhi perilaku presentasi diri remaja untuk menunjukkan diri mereka dihadapan khalayak luas. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari masa pencarian jati diri remaja. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMA Negeri Mojogedang dengan mengambil sampel 264 siswa. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik kuesioner. Penelitian ini memiliki tipe deskriptif kuantitatif menggunakan analisis data faktor analisis.Temuan data menunjukkan jika perilaku presentasi diri remaja di media Instagram terjadi dalam dua fase, fase pertama yaitu pembentukan konsep diri, siswa SMA Negeri Mojogedang berusaha membangun totalitas pemikiran dan perasaan mereka yang mengacu pada diri sendiri sebagai objek dimana pelaku ingin memperlihatkan kepribadian mereka dihadapan khalayak luas. dan fase kedua yaitu membentuk harga diri, pada fase ini merupakan bentuk emosionnal dan evaluasi diri siswa pada konsep yang telah mereka buat. Konsep diri yang telah dibangun oleh siswa SMA Negeri Mojogedang di dalam media Instagram dapat meningkatkan perilaku presentasi diri mereka yang akan membentuk harga diri remaja tersebut. Karena pada dasarnya seorang remaja ingin diakui keberadaan mereka dihadapan khalayak luas, kemudian mereka berusaha menampilkan diri mereka secara luas dan mendalam dengan menunjukkan citra positif dalam diri mereka.

scholarly journals La familia y el juego como estrategia de aprendizaje a distancia durante la pandemia del Covid-19 en México: Una propuesta desde la enseñanza universitaria en ciencias de la salud

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (65) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Georgina Ramirez Cerón
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Virtual Self ◽  
Educación A Distancia ◽  
The Face

La pandemia por Covid-19 ha impactado las formas de aprender, por lo que el cambio repentino de la modalidad presencial a la educación a distancia como medida para prevenir contagios, es un fenómeno que debe ser investigado para brindar alternativas que apoyen el proceso de aprendizaje desde casa. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo diseñar, aplicar, evaluar y proponer estrategias de aprendizaje para que los estudiantes alcancen su máximo potencial por medio de la educación a distancia durante la pandemia. Para ello se llevó a cabo una investigación-acción educativa con ciento veinte estudiantes de ciencias de salud (enfermería y terapia física), de la Universidad de Guadalajara, durante los meses de marzo a octubre de 2020. Las estrategias de aprendizaje se aplicaron en la modalidad a distancia debido a la suspensión de clases presenciales por el Covid-19 y se basaron en la participación de la familia y la introducción del juego en las actividades de aprendizaje del curso de etimologías médicas. La evaluación de las estrategias se llevó a cabo mediante la recogida de las evidencias de los aprendizajes y un cuestionario virtual de autoevaluación de las mismas. Se encontró que incluir a la familia y el juego en la educación a distancia ayudó a mitigar los efectos negativos del confinamiento por la pandemia, lo cual, además ha fortalecido la resiliencia de los estudiantes. The pandemic by Covid-19 has impacted the ways of learning, so that the sudden change from the face to face modality to distance education as a measure to precent contagion, it is a phenomenon that must be investigated to provide alternatives that support the learning process from home. The aims this present study are design, apply, evaluate and propose learnig strategies for students to reach their máximum potential through distance education during the pandemic. For it an educational action research was carried out with one hundred and twenty health science students (nursing and physioterapy) from the Universidad de Guadalajara, during March to October 2020. Distance learning strategies were carried because out to the suspension of face to face clases due to Covid-19, wich they were based on family participation and the insertion on the play in the learning activities of the medical etymologies course. The evaluation of the strategies was carried out by collecting the evidence of learning and a virtual self-evaluation questionnaire. It was found that including family and play in distance education helped mitigate the negative effects of confinement from the pandemic, wich has also strengthened the resilience of students.

Social comparisons on social media: online appearance-related activity and body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
M. Scully ◽  
L. Swords ◽  
E. Nixon
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Thin Ideal ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Online Social Media ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: Adolescents’ engagement with online social networking platforms is advancing at an exponential rate and research is needed to investigate any impact on young users’ mental health. This study examined appearance-related activity (e.g. looking at photos of friends) on social media and body dissatisfaction among adolescent girls. Methods: Self-report measures of online appearance-related activity, social comparisons to female target groups, internalization of the thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem were administered to 210 girls (mean age = 15.16 years). Results: Body dissatisfaction was significantly related to (i) time spent engaged in social comparisons and (ii) upward social comparisons with various female targets while online. Evaluating oneself less favorably than the target group of close friends was most strongly associated with poorer body image appraisals. Serial multiple mediation analysis revealed that even after controlling for age and self-esteem, time spent engaged in social comparisons significantly mediated the relationship between online appearance-related activity and body dissatisfaction. This association was then further partially mediated by internalization of the thin ideal, which significantly mediated the relationship between time engaged in social comparisons and body dissatisfaction. Discussion: Results are discussed in terms of online social media platforms representing an additional appearance culture environment for adolescent girls. The effects of this on the mental health of vulnerable users and how future research should investigate protective factors that may buffer young girls from the adverse effects of social media are considered.

scholarly journals Status insecurity and temporality in world politics

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Freedman
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International System ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Comparison Theory ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Status Seeking ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Status Recognition

International Relations scholars concerned with explaining status-seeking behavior in the international system draw heavily from social comparison theory and its observations that individuals judge their worth, and accordingly derive self-esteem, through social comparisons with others. According to this logic, states become status seekers because, like individuals, they have an innate desire for favorable social status comparisons relative to their peers. Thus, the great power status literature is often framed in the language of accommodation, and adjustment, which presupposes that status insecurities develop from unfavorable social comparisons and can be resolved through relative social improvements. This article challenges these assumptions by noting, as psychology has acknowledged for some time, that individuals use both social and temporal forms of comparison when engaging in self-evaluation. Where social comparisons cause actors to ask “How do I rank relative to my peers?” temporal comparisons cause actors to evaluate how they have improved or declined over time. This article advances a temporal comparison theory of status-seeking behavior, suggesting that many of the signaling problems associated with status insecurity emerge from basic differences in how states evaluate their status, and whether they privilege temporal over social comparisons. The implications are explored through China’s contemporary struggle for status recognition, situating this struggle within the context of China’s civilizational past and ongoing dispute over Taiwan.

A review of the effectiveness of drought warning communication and dissemination in Malawi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexia Calvel ◽  
Micha Werner ◽  
Marc van den Homberg ◽  
Hans van der Kwast ◽  
Andrés Cabrera Flamini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Made In ◽  
Early Warnings

<p>Droughts constitute one of the major and complex natural hazards that may lead to food insecurity due to its long-term and cumulative impact, compounded by the difficulty of drought being predicted. Efforts to improve early warning systems are being conducted to help reduce the impacts caused by drought events, and although significant advances have been made in the forecasting of drought, provision of actionable warning that leads to effective response is challenging due to a range of factors.  In this study we aim to improve our understanding of how people-centred warning communication and dissemination is being carried out for drought warning in Malawi.  Our methodology is based on five focus group discussions with farmers and 25 semi-structured interviews with various government officials, as well as with representatives from UNDP, WFP and NGOs. The analysis of these interviews and discussions is based on a qualitative approach using the concept of grounded theory and content analysis; to better understand the organisational structure, communication processes and the ability of warnings triggering actions by farmers and NGOs.</p><p>Our results identified that both within the farming communities as with the NGO’s and working at the local level there is a different perception than expected of what constitutes drought. Droughts are considered to be events that cause the failure of crops, which relates primarily to the occurrence of prolonged dry spells following the planting season, fall army worms and even the occurrence of floods. Consistently, drought warnings that are disseminated at the local level have been found to focus on these aspects. Moreover, it was found that although these warnings do trigger actions, they do so only to a certain extent. Daily weather forecast are not being used by farmers due to the high uncertainty associated with these predictions. For NGOs, drought early warnings are used in combination with the famine early warnings to trigger early actions.</p><p>Communication channels and processes were found to be well adapted to local conditions and to disseminate the consistent drought warnings and guidance to end-users. This has led to improved trust towards drought early warnings received. However, the high level of illiteracy and lack of understanding of the link between impacts and weather information render the seasonal forecast and text-messages unusable to farmers, with agricultural extension officers and the community-radios the preferred channels of communication. Organisational structures and processes appear to be relatively clear. Nevertheless, feedback mechanisms were found to be only scantily implemented due to the lack documentation on local perceptions and indigenous knowledge. Overall our results show that progress has been made in meeting the requirements for a people-centred early warning. However, external challenges such as a lack of local funds which has led to a high dependency on donors or the frequent changes of government officials affect the well-development of such an approach.  </p>

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