scholarly journals The costs of being consequentialist: Social inference from instrumental harm and impartial beneficence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Albert Charlton Everett ◽  
Nadira Sophie Faber ◽  
Julian Savulescu ◽  
Molly Crockett
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Political Leader ◽  
Total N ◽  
Relational Context ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Economic Exchanges ◽  
Different Dimensions

Previous work has demonstrated that people are more likely to trust “deontological” agents who reject harming one person to save many others than “consequentialist” agents who endorse such instrumental harms, which could explain the higher prevalence of non- consequentialist moral intuitions. Yet consequentialism involves endorsing not just instrumental harm, but also impartial beneficence, treating the well-being of every individual as equally important. In four studies (total N = 2,086), we investigated preferences for consequentialist vs. non-consequentialist social partners endorsing instrumental harm or impartial beneficence and examined how such preferences varied across different types of social relationships. Our results demonstrate robust preferences for non-consequentialist over consequentialist agents in the domain of instrumental harm, and weaker – but still evident – preferences in the domain of impartial beneficence. In the domain of instrumental harm, non-consequentialist agents were consistently viewed as more moral and trustworthy, preferred for a range of social roles, and entrusted with more money in economic exchanges. In the domain of impartial beneficence, preferences for non-consequentialist agents were observed for close interpersonal relationships requiring direct interaction (friend, spouse) but not for more distant roles with little-to- no personal interaction (political leader). Collectively our findings demonstrate that preferences for non-consequentialist agents are sensitive to the different dimensions of consequentialist thinking and the relational context.

Facebook users’ loneliness based on different types of interpersonal relationships

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 646-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung Suh Lim ◽  
Junghyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Malicious Envy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mediational Role

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate: first, the effects of a user’s grandiosity on the loneliness of another user on Facebook who detected it in terms of his/her well-being status; second, the mediational role of envy between grandiosity and loneliness; and, third, whether different effects are given on narcissism, envy, and loneliness depending on social or para-social relationships on Facebook. Design/methodology/approach This study’s focus is to investigate how observing others’ grandiose behaviors impact on individuals’ feeling of loneliness. The authors propose that this relationship is mediated by the feeling of envy. The authors further postulate that social relationships that participants may have with other Facebook users would play a key role in feeling different types of envy (i.e. malicious vs benign). Therefore, the current study employed a 2 (levels of grandiosity: high vs low) × 2 (social relationship: para-social vs social) between-subjects design. Findings The authors found that one’s grandiosity as reflected on Facebook significantly affects other users’ loneliness through malicious envy. However, no moderated mediation via envy (either benign or malicious) was found within the social relationship group. Originality/value Social comparison generated by the use of Facebook was found to have an effect on the user’s loneliness through the mediation of envy. In particular, the possibility that such effects could be triggered in para-social relationships was identified.

scholarly journals Variation in the β-endorphin, oxytocin, and dopamine receptor genes is associated with different dimensions of human sociality

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (20) ◽  
pp. 5300-5305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiluned Pearce ◽  
Rafael Wlodarski ◽  
Anna Machin ◽  
Robin I. M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Dyadic Relationships ◽  
Social Domain ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Dopamine Receptor Genes

There is growing evidence that the number and quality of social relationships have substantial impacts on health, well-being, and longevity, and, at least in animals, on reproductive fitness. Although it is widely recognized that these outcomes are mediated by a number of neuropeptides, the roles these play remain debated. We suggest that an overemphasis on one neuropeptide (oxytocin), combined with a failure to distinguish between different social domains, has obscured the complexity involved. We use variation in 33 SNPs for the receptor genes for six well-known social neuropeptides in relation to three separate domains of sociality (social disposition, dyadic relationships, and social networks) to show that three neuropeptides (β-endorphin, oxytocin, and dopamine) play particularly important roles, with each being associated predominantly with a different social domain. However, endorphins and dopamine have a much wider compass than oxytocin (whose effects are confined to romantic/reproductive relationships and often do not survive control for other neuropeptides). In contrast, vasopressin, serotonin, and testosterone play only limited roles.

ASSESSMENT TOOL TO MEASURE AND EVALUATE THE RISK POTENTIAL OF GAMBLING PRODUCTS ASTERIG

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-87
Author(s):  
Carlos Blanco ◽  
Alex Blaszczynski ◽  
Reiner Clement ◽  
Jeffrey Derevensky ◽  
Anna E. Goudriaan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Slot Machines ◽  
Gambling Behaviour ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Addictive Potential ◽  
Risk Potential ◽  
Financial Losses

Although most individuals who gamble do so without any adverse consequences, some individuals develop a recurrent, maladaptive pattern of gambling behaviour, often called pathological gambling or gambling disorder, that is associated with financial losses, disruption of family and interpersonal relationships, and co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Identifying whether different types of gambling modalities vary in their ability to lead to maladaptive patterns of gambling behaviour is essential to develop public policies that seek to balance access to gambling opportunities with minimizing risk for the potential adverse consequences of gambling behaviour. Until recently, assessing the risk potential of different types of gambling products was nearly impossible. ASTERIG, initially developed in Germany in 2006-2010, is an assessment tool to measure and to evaluate the risk potential of any gambling product based on scores on ten dimensions. In doing so, it also allows a comparison to be drawn between the addictive potential of different gambling products. Furthermore, the tool highlights where the specific risk potential of each specific gambling product lies. This makes it a valuable tool at the legislative, case law, and administrative levels as it allows the risk potential of individual gambling products to be identified and to be compared globally and across 10 different dimensions of risk potential. We note that specific gambling products should always be evaluated rather than product groups (lotteries, slot machines) or providers, as there may be variations among those product groups that impact their risk potential. For example, slot machines may vary on the amount of jackpot, which may influence their risk potential.

Intimate partner cohesion and military unit cohesion: Different types of interpersonal relationships each uniquely predict soldier well-being

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-186
Author(s):  
Priscilla G. Layman ◽  
Keith Sanford ◽  
Dennis R. Myers ◽  
Sara Dolan ◽  
James W. Ellor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Military Unit ◽  
Unit Cohesion

Development and Validation of the Multicontextual Interpersonal Relations Scale (MIRS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-95
Author(s):  
Melissa Simone ◽  
Christian Geiser ◽  
Ginger Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total N ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Relational Contexts

Abstract. Interpersonal relationships provide insight into a wide range of adult psychological health behaviors and well-being. Modern advancements in relational contexts (e.g., social media and phone use) have caused debate about the implications of technology use on overall interpersonal relationships and psychological health. Thus, the Multicontextual Interpersonal Relations Scale (MIRS) was developed to measure three unique processes of interpersonal relations and four unique contexts in which these activities take place. In total, N = 962 adult participants (aged 18–78 years) were recruited from the United States through Amazon Mechanical Turk, an online recruitment tool. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to examine the hypothesized factor structure, and bivariate correlations were computed to assess concurrent validity. CFA results supported a model with three process and three context (specific) factors, where face-to-face relations served as the reference context factor. Bivariate correlations revealed that the interpersonal relations factors correlated with the related constructs in the hypothesized ways. Overall, strong standardized factor loadings, item-level reliability, concurrent validity, and internal consistency support the structure and use of the MIRS. Findings suggest that participation in interpersonal relations is a multicontextual construct, requiring measurement of all unique processes and relational contexts.

Social life and social death: Inclusion, ostracism, and rejection in groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Wesselmann ◽  
Kipling D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Death ◽  
Social Animals ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Primary Focus

Humans are social animals and they depend upon social relationships to fortify their physical and psychological well-being. Various types of social experiences can threaten these relationships, making individuals feel excluded: separated from others physically or emotionally. Social exclusion experiences can be further broken down into two subcategories: rejection- and ostracism-based experiences. We provide a brief summary of the research on social exclusion, rejection, and ostracism, focusing particularly on theory and research on ostracism, given that is the primary focus of our research programs. We close with some key suggestions on how future research on different types of social exclusion can become increasingly integrated theoretically.

Social Motives Predict Loneliness During a Developmental Transition

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Nikitin ◽  
Alexandra M. Freund
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract. Establishing new social relationships is important for mastering developmental transitions in young adulthood. In a 2-year longitudinal study with four measurement occasions (T1: n = 245, T2: n = 96, T3: n = 103, T4: n = 85), we investigated the role of social motives in college students’ mastery of the transition of moving out of the parental home, using loneliness as an indicator of poor adjustment to the transition. Students with strong social approach motivation reported stable and low levels of loneliness. In contrast, students with strong social avoidance motivation reported high levels of loneliness. However, this effect dissipated relatively quickly as most of the young adults adapted to the transition over a period of several weeks. The present study also provides evidence for an interaction between social approach and social avoidance motives: Social approach motives buffered the negative effect on social well-being of social avoidance motives. These results illustrate the importance of social approach and social avoidance motives and their interplay during developmental transitions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document