scholarly journals Height is associated with more self-serving beliefs about wealth redistribution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Positive Association ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Wealth Redistribution ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Post Hoc

People vary widely in their attitudes towards how much their government should redistribute wealth. Evolutionary theory may shed light on why this variation occurs. Numerous studies have established an association between upper body strength and attitudes towards equality and wealth redistribution in males, showing that physically stronger men are more likely to hold self-serving beliefs on these issues. This effect is typically weaker or absent in women. A question that has received little attention is whether there are similar associations between other aspects of formidability and attitudes towards wealth redistribution. One such aspect is height. I tested this prediction using data from the European Social Survey, in a sample of 27031 people from 20 European countries. Results show that taller people are more likely to have self-serving attitudes towards government redistribution of wealth. The result was robust to numerous control variables and alternative model specifications, but the direct effects of height were small. Taller individuals were less supportive of government wealth redistribution overall, but were especially averse if they were also wealthier. Post-hoc analyses suggested that for lower income deciles, the association was reversed. For these people, there was a positive association between height and support for wealth redistribution. However, effects were equally strong in males and females, and so are not fully consistent with current evolutionary psychological theories of resource distribution.

The Effect of Lift Height on Maximal Lifting Capabilities of Men and Women

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (13) ◽  
pp. 619-623
Author(s):  
Valerie J. Rice ◽  
Michelle Murphy ◽  
Marilyn A. Sharp ◽  
Randall K. Bills ◽  
Robert P. Mello
Keyword(s):  
Upper Body ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
Lifting Technique ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Lift Height ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
The One ◽  
Box Lifting ◽  
Post Hoc

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of lift height on the one repetition maximum box lifting strength (1 RM) of men and women. Ten men and eleven women lifted to heights of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 ft using a 46.5 cm long x 31 cm wide x 23 cm high aluminum box with handles. All lifts were accomplished using correct lifting technique while facing forward. An ANOVA, focused on six heights and blocked for gender was used for analysis. A Newman-Kuels post-hoc analysis was used to examine the significant differences between means. Results revealed that men lifted more than women overall (F = 128.9, p < 0.01), and at each individual height (p < 0.01). When the genders were combined, the two highest lifts (5 and 6 ft) were not different from each other, nor were the two lowest (1 and 2 ft). All other heights differed from one another (p < 0.01). For both genders, the greatest percentage decrease from one height to the next occurred between 3 and 4 feet, when more upper body strength and torso involvement were required.

Reliability of the Nicholas Manual Muscle Tester on Upper Body Strength in Children Ages 8-10

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Dawson ◽  
Ron Croce ◽  
Tim Quinn ◽  
Neil Vroman
Keyword(s):  
Isometric Force ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Significant Strength ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
Maximum Isometric Force ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Elbow Extensor

Hand-held dynamometry has proven reliable in assessing adult strength. The primary purpose of this study was to determine its reliability in children. Secondary purposes included investigating strength differences between males and females and between dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) sides. Subjects were 8-, 9-, and 10-year-old boys (n=63) and girls (n=54). The Nicholas Manual Muscle Tester (NMMT) was used to measure maximum isometric force of D and ND elbow flexors, elbow extensors, and shoulder abductors. Retest measurements were taken 4 to 7 days later. Results indicated that (a) correlation coefficients ranging from .72 to .90 were statistically significant; (b) except for males’ ND elbow extensor strength, a series of paired t tests revealed no significant differences between test and retest strength values; (c) a series of paired t tests revealed no significant strength differences between D and ND sides other than for males’ elbow extensor strength for the test phase; and (d) a series of unpaired t tests revealed statistically significant differences between males and females on a majority of the muscle groups. The NMMT appears to be a quick and reliable testing instrument for determining maximal isometric force in children.

scholarly journals Functional fitness: A key to independent and active living in the later age

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 711-714
Author(s):  
Sonia Tewari ◽  
Seema Kwatra ◽  
Neha Triphati
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Functional Fitness ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Lower Body Strength

Aging is a biological process and is associated with decrease in the physical activity level. With the aim of assessing the functional fitness level of senior citizens, sample size comprised of 90 i.e. 45 males and 45 females (15 male and 15 female from each age group viz. 60-64 year 65-69 year and 70-74 year) were chosen conveniently from Haldwani Block of district Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. The Senior Fitness Test was conducted to collect experimental data. With age, lower body strength of males changes but not in case of females. The other functional parameters amongst males and females i.e. upper Body Strength, lower and Upper Body Flexibility, AerobicEndurance and Balance does not depend on the age. Out of six parameters of functional fitness, it was found that the average mean score of lower body strength (5.96), upper body strength (3.52) and aerobic endurance (4.85) of males and females are highly significant at 1% level of significant while average upper body flexibility (2.52) of males and females were significant at 5 % level of significance. With time, society has witnessed significant changes in lifestyle pattern, arising nuclear family groups, dual-earner families, competitiveness and rural-urban or cross-country immigration among young children. The scenario thus further placed need to lay emphasis onfunctional fitness of elderly population so that the older parents who are living alone can be functionally active and independent and care and rare themselves. Assessing the functional level of elderly can serve as a preventive measure prior to any functional limitations.

scholarly journals Social Investment, Redistribution or Basic Income? Exploring the Association Between Automation Risk and Welfare State Attitudes in Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
MARIUS R. BUSEMEYER ◽  
ALEXANDER H. J. SAHM
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Rapid technological change – the digitalization and automation of work – is challenging contemporary welfare states. Most of the existing research, however, focuses on its effect on labor market outcomes, such as employment or wage levels. In contrast, this paper studies the implications of technological change for welfare state attitudes and preferences. Compared to previous work on this topic, this paper adopts a much broader perspective regarding different kinds of social policy. Using data from the European Social Survey, we find that individual automation risk is positively associated with support for redistribution, but negatively with support for social investment policies (partly depending on the specific measure of automation risk that is used), while there is no statistically significant association with support for basic income. We also find a moderating effect of the overall size of the welfare state on the micro-level association between risk and preferences.

Educational Homogamy Among Married and Unmarried Couples in Europe

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Hamplova
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Educational Homogamy ◽  
Educational Barriers ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Log Linear

In this article, educational homogamy among married and cohabiting couples in selected European countries is examined. Using data from two waves (2002 and 2004) of the European Social Survey, this article compares three cultural and institutional contexts that differ in terms of institutionalization of cohabitation. Evidence from log-linear models yields two main conclusions. First, as cohabitation becomes more common in society, marriage and cohabitation become more similar with respect to partner selection. Second, where married and unmarried unions differ in terms of educational homogamy, married couples have higher odds of overcoming educational barriers (i.e., intermarrying with other educational groups).

scholarly journals Influences of Differing Menarche Status on Motor Capabilities of Girls, 13 To 16 Years: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5539
Author(s):  
Barry Gerber ◽  
Anita E. Pienaar ◽  
Ankebe Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Motor Fitness ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
The Status ◽  
Hand Eye Coordination ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
D Values

Puberty and the onset of menarche influences the motor performance of girls. However, the magnitude of these influences during varying maturity status, is not clear. This longitudinal study over two years aimed to investigate differences in motor fitness between early and late developing girls based on pre- and post-menarche status. A convenience sample (n = 58) of girls aged 13.51 ± 3.51, divided by means of the Status Quo method into pre (n = 13) and post-menarche (n = 45) groups, was used. Motor fitness was tested once annually by standardized protocols. Basic statistics, independent t-testing and a repeated measures ANOVA with a post hoc Bonferonni correction were used (p < 0.05 = statistical significance). Effect sizes were determined by Cohen’s d-values. Only explosive upper body strength differed significantly between groups during baseline, favoring post-menarche girls. Initially, post-menarche girls showed advantages in hand-eye coordination and speed (p > 0.05) with pre-menarche girls performing better in agility and explosive leg strength (p > 0.05). At 15.51 years, no significant, between-group differences were found. Pre-menarche girls surpassed post-menarche girls in hand-eye coordination and 0–40 m speed and post-menarche girls displayed higher explosive leg and upper body strength scores (p > 0.05). Our data show that the potential to excel in sport based on motor capabilities can only be accurately estimated 1–2 years after reaching menarche.

scholarly journals An Eye Tracking Examination of Men’s Attractiveness by Conceptive Risk Women

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 147470491769074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Garza ◽  
Roberto R. Heredia ◽  
Anna B. Cieślicka
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Body Hair ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
Visual Attraction ◽  
Physical Shape

Previous research has indicated that women prefer men who exhibit an android physical appearance where fat distribution is deposited on the upper body (i.e., shoulders and arms) and abdomen. This ideal physical shape has been associated with perceived dominance, health, and immunocompetence. Although research has investigated attractability of men with these ideal characteristics, research on how women visually perceive these characteristics is limited. The current study investigated visual perception and attraction toward men in Hispanic women of Mexican American descent. Women exposed to a front-posed image, where the waist-to-chest ratio (WCR) and hair distribution were manipulated, rated men’s body image associated with upper body strength (low WCR 0.7) as more attractive. Additionally, conceptive risk did not play a strong role in attractiveness and visual attention. Hair distribution did not contribute to increased ratings of attraction but did contribute to visual attraction when measuring total time where men with both facial and body hair were viewed longer. These findings suggest that physical characteristics in men exhibiting upper body strength and dominance are strong predictors of visual attraction.

scholarly journals Comparison of upper body strength gains between men and women after 10 weeks of resistance training

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Gentil ◽  
James Steele ◽  
Maria C. Pereira ◽  
Rafael P.M. Castanheira ◽  
Antonio Paoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Elbow Flexor ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Flexor Strength

Resistance training (RT) offers benefits to both men and women. However, the studies about the differences between men and women in response to an RT program are not conclusive and few data are available about upper body strength response. The aim of this study was to compare elbow flexor strength gains in men and women after 10 weeks of RT. Forty-four college-aged men (22.63 ± 2.34 years) and forty-seven college-aged women (21.62 ± 2.96 years) participated in the study. The RT program was performed two days a week for 10 weeks. Before and after the training period, peak torque (PT) of the elbow flexors was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. PT values were higher in men in comparison to women in pre- and post-tests (p< 0.01). Both males and females significantly increased elbow flexor strength (p< 0.05); however, strength changes did not differ between genders after 10 weeks of RT program (11.61 and 11.76% for men and women, respectively;p> 0.05). Effect sizes were 0.57 and 0.56 for men and women, respectively. In conclusion, the present study suggests that men and women have a similar upper body strength response to RT.

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