scholarly journals Do temporal information processing limitations share cognitive causes? A correlational study of different attentional forms and modalities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwenisha J. Liaw ◽  
Tiffany T.Y. Chia ◽  
Takashi Obana ◽  
Christopher L. Asplund
Keyword(s):  
Dark Side ◽  
Contingent Capture ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
The Common ◽  
Intermediate Pattern

Selective attention can be directed according to behavioral goals or grabbed by salient stimuli. Whether controlled in a goal-directed or stimulus-driven fashion, attention has a dark side: Unattended items are frequently missed. Such failures have been explored through numerous experimental paradigms across sensory modalities, but their relationships have been incompletely characterized. In two experiments, we adopted an individual differences approach to better understand the common and dissociable cognitive components in temporal attention paradigms. In Experiment 1, participants (n=56) were tested twice on the attentional blink (goal-directed attention), surprise-induced blindness (stimulus-driven attention), and their auditory analogues. Despite strong effect reliability and significant within-modality correlations across effects, we found no significant correlations across modalities. In Experiment 2, participants (n=52) completed different versions of the visual tasks and a contingent capture task, whose deficit has been ascribed to both goal-directed and stimulus-driven components. Using exploratory factor analyses and partial correlations, we found that capture-related deficits accounted for the modest relationship between blink and surprise effects. Furthermore, surprise effects strongly habituated, blink effects remained, and capture-related deficits showed an intermediate pattern. We conclude that each attentional paradigm involves multiple cognitive components, some shared and others distinctly related to different attentional forms or sources of control.

A method to aid in the interpretation of EFA results: An application of Pratt’s measures

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amery D. Wu ◽  
Bruno D. Zumbo ◽  
Sheila K. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Real Data ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Common Variance ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
The Common ◽  
Developmental Constructs

This article describes a method based on Pratt’s measures and demonstrates its use in exploratory factor analyses. The article discusses the interpretational complexities due to factor correlations and how Pratt’s measures resolve these interpretational problems. Two real data examples demonstrate the calculation of what we call the “D matrix,” of which the elements are Pratt’s measures. Focusing on the rows of the D matrix allows one to compare the importance of the factors to the communality of each observed indicator ( horizontal interpretation); whereas a focus on the columns of the D matrix allows one to compare the contribution of the indicators to the common variance extracted by each factor ( vertical interpretation). The application showed that the method based on Pratt’s measures is a very simple but useful technique for EFA, in particular, for behavioral and developmental constructs, which are often multidimensional and mutually correlated.

Identification and Utility of a Short Form of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-Youth Self-Report (PSC-17-Y)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Paul Bergmann ◽  
Cara Lucke ◽  
Theresa Nguyen ◽  
Michael Jellinek ◽  
John Michael Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Symptom Checklist ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Youth Self Report ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Pediatric Symptom Checklist ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses

Abstract. The Pediatric Symptom Checklist-Youth self-report (PSC-Y) is a 35-item measure of adolescent psychosocial functioning that uses the same items as the original parent report version of the PSC. Since a briefer (17-item) version of the parent PSC has been validated, this paper explored whether a subset of items could be used to create a brief form of the PSC-Y. Data were collected on more than 19,000 youth who completed the PSC-Y online as a self-screen offered by Mental Health America. Exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) were first conducted to identify and evaluate candidate solutions and their factor structures. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were then conducted to determine how well the data fit the candidate models. Tests of measurement invariance across gender were conducted on the selected solution. The EFAs and CFAs suggested that a three-factor short form with 17 items is a viable and most parsimonious solution and met criteria for scalar invariance across gender. Since the 17 items used on the parent PSC short form were close to the best fit found for any subsets of items on the PSC-Y, the same items used on the parent PSC-17 are recommended for the PSC-Y short form.

The European Guilds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheilagh Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Women Migrants ◽  
Work Skills ◽  
The Common ◽  
Economic Reasoning ◽  
European Economies

Guilds ruled many crafts and trades from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, and have always attracted debate and controversy. They were sometimes viewed as efficient institutions that guaranteed quality and skills. But they also excluded competitors, manipulated markets, and blocked innovations. Did the benefits of guilds outweigh their costs? Analyzing thousands of guilds that dominated European economies from 1000 to 1880, this book uses vivid examples and clear economic reasoning to answer that question. The book features the voices of honourable guild masters, underpaid journeymen, exploited apprentices, shady officials, and outraged customers, and follows the stories of the “vile encroachers”—women, migrants, Jews, gypsies, bastards, and many others—desperate to work but hunted down by the guilds as illicit competitors. It investigates the benefits of guilds but also shines a light on their dark side. Guilds sometimes provided important services, but they also manipulated markets to profit their members. They regulated quality but prevented poor consumers from buying goods cheaply. They fostered work skills but denied apprenticeships to outsiders. They transmitted useful techniques but blocked innovations that posed a threat. Guilds existed widely not because they corrected market failures or served the common good, but because they benefited two powerful groups—guild members and political elites. The book shows how privileged institutions and exclusive networks shape the wider economy—for good or ill.

Comparing Hierarchical Models of Personality Pathology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney R. Ringwald ◽  
Aidan G.C. Wright ◽  
Joseph E. Beeney ◽  
Paul A. Pilkonis
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Models ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Hierarchical Classification ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Conceptual Structures ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
Specific Factors

Two dimensional, hierarchical classification models of personality pathology have emerged as alternatives to traditional categorical systems: multi-tiered models with increasing numbers of factors and models that distinguish between a general factor of severity and specific factors reflecting style. Using a large sample (N=840) with a range of psychopathology, we conducted exploratory factor analyses of individual personality disorder criteria to evaluate the validity of these conceptual structures. We estimated an oblique, “unfolding” hierarchy and a bifactor model, then examined correlations between these and multi-method functioning measures to enrich interpretation. Four-factor solutions for each model, reflecting rotations of each other, fit well and equivalently. The resulting structures are consistent with previous empirical work and provide support for each theoretical model.

Dark side of instant messaging: an empirical investigation from technology and society perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheshadri Chatterjee ◽  
Ranjan Chaudhuri ◽  
Demetris Vrontis
Keyword(s):  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Common People ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Common ◽  
Society Perspective ◽  
Unique Study

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the dark side of instant messaging from the technological and societal perspectives.Design/methodology/approachWith the help of literature review and different theories, a model has been developed conceptually. Later the model has been validated using statistical method. The authors have used 304 responses from the survey method, and this sample has been used to statistically validate the conceptual model.FindingsThis paper has been able to explicitly investigate and identify how different instant messaging platforms such as WhatsApp, WeChat in the form of electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) are contributing toward increase of mob lynching cases. The paper also highlights the important to have effective and enforceable regulation to regulate instant messaging services to the citizens.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings cannot be generalized as the data is collected from India only. Moreover, the study is cross-sectional in nature. To get the comprehensive results, a longitudinal study needs to be conducted. This study considered seven constructs with one moderator. Having more predictors with other boundary conditions might have increased the explanative power of the model.Practical implicationsInstant messaging platforms such as WhatsApp, WeChat and so on are disseminating quick unverified information to the common people. This information sometimes is disseminated in inappropriate and exaggerated forms. This makes the instant messaging (WhatsApp) users' sentiment readily heated in some cases. They take such an action as mob lynching. This study determines the predictors of mob lynching along with the moderator impact of instant messaging in the society.Originality/valueThere are only a few studies those have explored the dark side of instant messaging. The proposed theoretical model is a unique model, which shows the predictors of mob lynching along with the negative consequences of the instant messaging (WhatsApp) in the society. From this perspective, this study can be considered as a unique study.

scholarly journals Assessing the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ–A): Specific and General Insights from an Ethiopian Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Eshetu Andarge ◽  
Robert Trevethan ◽  
Teshale Fikadu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Physical Activity Questionnaire ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
Composite Scores ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Activity Questionnaire

The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ–A) has been used in a variety of forms and in a range of countries. This study involves a detailed examination of the PAQ–A to determine its applicability and effectiveness in an Ethiopian setting. We administered the scale to 110 Ethiopian adolescents on two occasions, 5 weeks apart. Data were inspected for features typical of the participants and analyzed to identify interitem correlations, the scale’s factor structure, and a range of descriptive statistics concerning composite scores. Most of the scale’s items were satisfactorily interrelated according to lenient criteria, and most items loaded on a single factor in exploratory factor analyses. However, a number of the scale’s properties were deficient according to stringent or conventionally accepted psychometric criteria. Close inspection of participants’ responses highlighted problems in the way the scale is worded, interpreted by participants, and scored. Although the scale does not capture PA as an homogeneous construct, we argue that this is not a problem and neither is its poor test–retest reliability. We make recommendations concerning presentation and scoring of the PAQ–A that are likely to enhance its validity beyond Ethiopia, and we provide a modified version of the scale.

Preoccupied but not dismissing attachment states of mind are associated with nonsuicidal self-injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodi Martin ◽  
Jean-François Bureau ◽  
Marie-France Lafontaine ◽  
Paula Cloutier ◽  
Celia Hsiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Caregivers ◽  
Adult Attachment Interview ◽  
States Of Mind ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Regulatory Strategy ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Nonsuicidal Self Injury

AbstractIn this investigation the factor structure of the Adult Attachment Interview was studied in a partially at-risk sample of 120 young adults. More specifically, 60 participants had engaged in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI; 53 females, M age = 20.38 years), and 60 were non-self-injuring controls matched by age and sex. Theoretically anticipated differential associations between preoccupied (but not dismissing) states of mind and NSSI were then examined. Exploratory factor analyses identified evidence for two weakly correlated state of mind dimensions (i.e., dismissing and preoccupied) consistently identified in factor analyses of normative-risk samples. As hypothesized, results further showed that preoccupied (but not dismissing) states of mind were associated with NSSI behavior. Findings support existing arguments suggesting that the regulatory strategy adults adopt when discussing attachment-related experiences with primary caregivers, particularly passive, angry, or unresolved discourse patterns, is uniquely correlated with NSSI.

Psychometric investigation of the affiliate stigma scale in Mexican Parkinson’s disease caregivers: Development of a short form

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mickeal Pugh ◽  
Paul B. Perrin ◽  
Jack D. Watson ◽  
Duygu Kuzu ◽  
Carmen Tyler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Stigma Scale ◽  
Affiliate Stigma ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses

BACKGROUND: Parkinson’s disease (PD) caregivers, particularly in Latin America, may experience high levels of affiliate stigma due to their association with a person having a disability. The most common measure used of this construct in the literature, the Affiliate Stigma Scale, was validated using non-standard and questionable methods. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Affiliate Stigma Scale with PD caregivers in Mexico using more widely accepted psychometric approaches including confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses (confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) and exploratory factor analyses (EFAs)). METHODS: A sample of 148 PD caregivers from Mexico completed this measure, as well as indices of caregiver burden and anxiety. RESULTS: Initial CFAs revealed that the data did not fit either the originally proposed one-factor or three-factor structures. An EFA was then conducted which was unable to discern any factor structure. Upon instituting a stepwise removal alpha-if-item-deleted process, a 5-item Affiliate Stigma Scale Spanish Short Form was retained with an adequate Cronbach’s alpha, good convergent validity, and a Short Form CFA generally indicating adequate fit. CONCLUSIONS: The new Spanish Affiliate Stigma Scale Short Form holds promise for more appropriately measuring affiliate stigma likely in general but particularly in Spanish and among PD caregivers. The Short Form can assist not only in assessing levels of caregiver affiliate stigma, but in creating novel interventions to help support caregivers and decrease stigma.

Dispositional Greed Scales

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Marcel Zeelenberg ◽  
Terri G. Seuntjens ◽  
Niels van de Ven ◽  
Seger M. Breugelmans
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Parallel Analysis ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
Kaiser Criterion

Abstract. In recent years, different scales have been developed to assess individual differences in dispositional greed. We report two studies ( N1 = 300, N2 = 1,000) on the comparative psychometric properties of these scales. We find that all scales are reliable and that they correlate highly, suggesting that all can be used to assess dispositional greed. Exploratory factor analyses, using the Empirical Kaiser Criterion, the Hull method, and Parallel Analysis as extraction methods, were done on the separate scales and all items together. These analyses reveal that there is quite some consistency in the scales, as in both studies a one-factor solution seems to describe the data best. These results imply that these different scales all assess dispositional greed, although the results also suggest that some items may be deleted from the scales.

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