What differentiates prisoners who attempt suicide from those who experience suicidal ideation? A nationally representative study

Objective: Many people who think about suicide do not engage in suicidal behavior. Identifying risk factors implicated in the process of behavioral enaction is crucial for suicide prevention, particularly in high-risk groups such as incarcerated offenders. Method: Cross-sectional data were drawn from a nationally representative sample of 17,891 prisoners (79% men) in the United States. We compared prisoners who attempted suicide (n = 2496) with those who thought about suicide but never made an attempt (n = 1716) on a range of established risk factors. Results: More than half (59%) of participants who experienced suicidal ideation had also attempted suicide. Violent offending, trauma, brain injury, alcohol abuse, and certain mental disorders independently distinguished attempters from ideators. Conclusion: Our results fit within recent ideation-to-action theories that emphasize the role of a capability for suicide in the transition from thoughts to acts of suicide.

POLYPHARMACY IN DIABETIC PEOPLE: EVIDENCE FROM THE ENGLISH LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF AGEING (ELSA)

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.1794 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S482-S483

Author(s):

Yun-Ting Huang ◽

Paola Zaninotto ◽

Andrew Steptoe ◽

Li Wei

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Older People ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Condition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

English Longitudinal Study

Abstract Diabetes among older people is becoming more common worldwide, and usually accompanied by polypharmacy. However, the role of polypharmacy in older people with diabetes remains uncertain. A nationally representative cross-sectional study, ELSA 2012/2013, was used and 7729 participants aged 50-109 were investigated. Polypharmacy was defined as taking five to nine long-term used medications daily for chronic diseases or chronic symptoms, while using ten or more medications was excessive polypharmacy. The presence of illness was defined as either self-reported diagnosis or being prescribed specific medications for the condition. Data showed the prevalence of polypharmacy was 21.4%, and only 3% was excessive polypharmacy. 51.6% of diabetic people reported polypharmacy and 10.2% excessive polypharmacy. These rates were significantly higher than the 16.4% polypharmacy and 1.8% excessive polypharmacy among people without diabetes (p < 0.001). Among people with three or more comorbidities, polypharmacy was present in 61.5% of people with diabetes, compared with 36.0% in people without diabetes. Significant risk factors for polypharmacy were diabetes (Relative-risk ratios/RRR=4.06, 95% CI 3.38, 4.86), older age (RRR=1.02, 95% CI 1.01, 1.03), male (RRR=0.64, 95% CI 0.55, 0.75), more comorbidity (RRR=2.46, 95% CI 2.30, 2.62), living with a partner (RRR=1.20, 95% CI 1.01, 1.42), and less wealth (RRR=0.93, 95% CI 0.87, 0.98). However, age, cohabitation, and wealth were not significantly related to excessive polypharmacy. Diabetes and the number of comorbidities were predominant risk factors for excessive polypharmacy. Current evidences confirmed both health condition and socioeconomic status were associated with medication use in older adults.

Risk factors for stunting among under-fives in Libya

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980008003716 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1141-1149 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Adel El Taguri ◽

Ibrahim Betilmal ◽

Salah Murad Mahmud ◽

Abdel Monem Ahmed ◽

Olivier Goulet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Young Age ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Psychosocial Stimulation ◽

AbstractObjectiveStunting is a chronic condition reflecting poor nutrition and health. Our aim was to ascertain major predictors of stunting in children <5 years old in Libya.Population and methodsA nationally representative, cross-sectional, two-stage stratified cluster sample survey enrolled 4549 under-fives from 6707 households. Logistic regression was used to determine individual risk factors in bivariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsAnthropometric measurements were available for 4498 children. Among the 929 stunted children (20·7 %), 495 were boys (53·3 %) and 434 were girls (46·5 %). In multivariate analysis, risk factors were young age (1–2 years: OR = 2·32, 95 % CI 1·67, 3·22; 2–3 years: OR = 1·64, 95 % CI 1·22, 2·21), resident of Al-Akhdar (OR = 1·67, 95 % CI 1·08, 2·58), being a boy (OR = 1·28, 95 % CI 1·05, 1·55), having a less educated father (illiterate: OR = 2·10, 95 % CI 1·17, 3·77; preparatory school: OR = 1·71, 95 % CI 1·11, 2·65), poor psychosocial stimulation (no family visits or trips: OR = 1·52, 95 % CI 1·07, 2·16; father rarely/never plays with child: OR = 2·24, 95 % CI 1·20, 4·16), filtered water (OR = 8·45, 95 % CI 2·31, 30·95), throwing garbage in the street (OR = 13·81, 95 % CI 2·33, 81·72), diarrhoea (OR = 1·58, 95 % CI 1·09, 2·29) and low birth weight (OR = 1·8, 95 % CI 1·17, 2·40). Protective factors were older age of father (OR = 0·53, 95 % CI 0·32, 0·90) and water storage (OR = 0·70, 95 % CI 0·54, 0·90). These variables only explained 20 % of cases of stunting.ConclusionVarious multilevel actions are needed to improve nutritional status of under-fives in Libya. At risk-groups include those with young age (1–3 years), resident of Al-Akhdar region, boys, father’s low educational level, poor psychosocial stimulation, poor housing environment, diarrhoea and low birth weight.

Faith-Health Collaboration in the United States: Results from a Nationally Representative Study

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.4278/061212152r.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 256-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Kenneth Jacob Steinman ◽

Athe Bambakidis

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Low Income ◽

General Social Survey ◽

The United States ◽

Self Report ◽

Graduate Degree ◽

Religious Congregations ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Representative Study ◽

Purpose. Estimate the prevalence of and identify characteristics associated with religious congregations' collaboration with health agencies. Design. Cross-sectional analyses of self-report data from the National Congregations Study, a random sample of religious congregations generated from the 1998 General Social Survey. Setting. United States. Subjects. Key informants from 1236 congregations. Each respondent described a single congregation. Measures. Respondents provided open-ended descriptions of congregational programs. Researchers coded program descriptions by content (e.g., domestic violence) and whether the program involved collaboration with a secular agency. Other congregational characteristics (e.g., denomination) were measured by validated measures and linked census tract data. Results. Overall, 11.1% of congregations participated in faith-health collaboration (FHC). Logistic regression analyses found that FHC was more common among congregations with more members, with a small proportion of congregants under 35 years, and with a senior pastor with a graduate degree. Other effects were conditional; for instance, denominational differences varied depending on urban/suburban/rural location and the proportion of low-income members. Conclusion. This study provides the first national estimates of the prevalence of FHC. Such collaborative efforts may require different approaches in different areas. These results can help practitioners identify congregations that may be more willing to collaborate.

Social Support in America: Stratification and Trends in Access over Two Decades

Social Forces ◽

10.1093/sf/soz008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 98 (2) ◽

pp. 725-752 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ashton Verdery ◽

Colin Campbell

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

General Population ◽

Large Body ◽

The United States ◽

Program Participation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Representative Study ◽

Open Questions ◽

Demographic Subgroups

AbstractSocial networks of family and friends are key resources that individuals turn to in times of need. When family and friends can provide assistance, they constitute a form of social capital that individuals may draw on for social support. Although a large body of research has examined the use of social support in its own right and as a predictor or moderator of other outcomes, few studies have explored differentials in access to social support for the general population or how these access levels have changed over time. There are many open questions. Is access to social support broadly distributed in the population or does it differ by demographic subgroups? Have levels of access remained constant? We compare levels of access to social support through both family and friends across population subgroups and describe the changing contours of access to it in the general population. Using repeated cross-sectional measurements that we compile from nearly two decades of surveys conducted as part of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we expand on a literature that has, to date, focused almost exclusively on the use of social support as a predictor of other outcomes using non-representative data. This article presents, to our knowledge, the first nationally representative study of stratification and trends in access to social support for individuals in the United States.

Women’s techniques for making vaginal penetration more pleasurable: Results from a nationally representative study of adult women in the United States

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0249242 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0249242

Author(s):

Devon J. Hensel ◽

Christiana D. von Hippel ◽

Charles C. Lapage ◽

Robert H. Perkins

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Survey Instrument ◽

Sexual Pleasure ◽

Adult Women ◽

Sexual Experiences ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Probability Sample ◽

Representative Study ◽

The study purpose was to assess, in a U.S. probability sample of women, the specific ways women have discovered to make vaginal penetration more pleasurable. Through qualitative pilot research with women that informed the development of the survey instrument used in this study, we identified four previously unnamed, but distinct, techniques women use to make vaginal penetration more pleasurable: Angling, Rocking, Shallowing and Pairing. This study defines each technique and describes its prevalence among U.S. adult women. Weighted frequencies were drawn from the Second OMGYES Pleasure Report—a cross-sectional, online, national probability survey of 3017 American women’s (age 18–93) sexual experiences and discoveries. Participants were recruited via the Ipsos KnowledgePanel®. Data suggest that 87.5% of women make vaginal penetration more pleasurable using ‘Angling’: rotating, raising, or lowering the pelvis/hips during penetration to adjust where inside the vagina the toy or penis rubs and what it feels like. Approximately 76% of women make vaginal penetration more pleasurable using ‘Rocking’: the base of a penis or sex toy rubbing against the clitoris constantly during penetration, by staying all the way inside the vagina rather than thrusting in and out. About 84% of women make vaginal penetration more pleasurable using ‘Shallowing’: penetrative touch just inside of the entrance of the vagina—not on the outside, but also not deep inside—with a fingertip, sex toy, penis tip, tongue, or lips. Finally, 69.7% of women orgasm more often or make vaginal penetration more pleasurable using ‘Pairing’: when a woman herself (Solo Pairing) or her partner (Partner Pairing) reaches down to stimulate her clitoris with a finger or sex toy at the same time as her vagina is being penetrated. These data provide techniques that are at women’s disposal to make penetration more pleasurable—which can enable women to better identify their own preferences, communicate about them and advocate for their sexual pleasure.

Role of perceived heart risk factors by outpatient population in predicting cardiovascular risk

Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research ◽

10.15171/jcvtr.2019.18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 100-108

Author(s):

Ali Soroush ◽

Nasim Shams-Alizadeh ◽

Afsoon Vahdat ◽

Zeinab Mohebi ◽

Mozhgan Saeidi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

High Risk ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lifestyle Risk ◽

Physiological Risk

Introduction: Regarding the expanding population in developing countries who are at risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), identification and management of effective factors are important in reducing the risk of CVDs. So, the present study aimed to assess the role of perceived heart risk factors (PHRFs) in the prediction of cardiovascular risk among outpatient patients. Methods: The samples of this cross-sectional study included 150 outpatient patients who attend the clinic of Imam Reza hospital during October-December 2016. The participants were completed the Perceived Heart Risk Factors Scale (PHRFS) and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Questionnaire (CRAQ). Data analyzed through Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses. Results: Based on the findings, 28%, 40%, 22.7%, and 9.3% of patients were low, medium, high, and severely high-risk, respectively. The strongest predictors of the cardiovascular risk were physiological (β = -0.273; P = 0.004), psychological (β=0.236; P = 0.020), and biological risk factors (β=0.209; P = 0.016), respectively. In addition, the strongest predictor of the lifestyle risk was physiological risk factors (β = -0.264; P = 0.007). Other variables do not play a significant role in predict the lifestyle risk (P > 0.05). Our model was able to explain 9.2% of cardiovascular risk variance and 5.7% of cardiovascular risk caused by lifestyle variance. Conclusion: The higher patients’ perception about biological and psychological risk factors is concerned as an alarm for increased cardiovascular risk while higher perception about physiological risk factors is associated with reduced cardiovascular risk caused by lifestyle and total cardiovascular risk. The programs reducing cardiovascular risk should target the high-risk groups to save cost and time.

Relationship Satisfaction and Risk Factors for Suicide

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000407 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 7-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Benedikt Till ◽

Ulrich S. Tran ◽

Thomas Niederkrotenthaler

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Suicidal Ideation ◽

Relationship Satisfaction ◽

Suicide Risk ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Relationship Conflicts ◽

Suicide Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factors For Suicide

Abstract. Background: Previous studies suggest that troubled romantic relationships are associated with higher risk factors for mental health. However, studies examining the role of relationship satisfaction in suicide risk factors are scarce. Aims: We investigated differences in risk factors for suicide between individuals with high relationship satisfaction, individuals with low relationship satisfaction, and singles. Furthermore, we explored patterns of experiencing, and dealing with, conflicts in the relationship and examined associations with suicide risk factors. Method: In this cross-sectional study, we assessed relationship status, relationship satisfaction, specific types of relationship conflicts, and suicide risk factors (i.e., suicidal ideation, hopelessness, depression) with questionnaires among 382 individuals in Austria. Results: Risk factors for suicide were higher among singles than among individuals in happy relationships, but lower among those with low relationship satisfaction. Participants reporting a high number of unsolved conflicts in their relationship had higher levels of suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depression than individuals who tend to solve issues with their partner amicably or report no conflicts. Conclusion: Relationship satisfaction and relationship conflicts reflect risk factors for suicide, with higher levels of suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depression reported by individuals who mentioned unsolved conflicts with their partner and experienced low satisfaction with their relationship.

Life on the Edge: Patterns of Formal and Informal Help to Older Adults in the United States and Sweden

The Journals of Gerontology Series B ◽

10.1093/geronb/60.5.s281 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 60 (5) ◽

pp. S281-S288 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Adam Davey ◽

Elia E. Femia ◽

Steven H. Zarit ◽

Dennis G. Shea ◽

Gerdt Sundström ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Service Use ◽

Risk Groups ◽

The United States ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Formal Service ◽

Formal Services ◽

Swedish Sample ◽

Aging At Home

Abstract Objectives. Our objective in this study was to compare assistance received by individuals in the United States and Sweden with characteristics associated with low, moderate, or high 1-year placement risk in the United States. Methods . We used longitudinal nationally representative data from 4,579 participants aged 75 years and older in the 1992 and 1993 waves of the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) and cross-sectional data from 1,379 individuals aged 75 years and older in the Swedish Aging at Home (AH) national survey for comparative purposes. We developed a logistic regression equation using U.S. data to identify individuals with 3 levels (low, moderate, or high) of predicted 1-year institutional placement risk. Groups with the same characteristics were identified in the Swedish sample and compared on formal and informal assistance received. Results . Formal service utilization was higher in Swedish sample, whereas informal service use is lower overall. Individuals with characteristics associated with high placement risk received more formal and less informal assistance in Sweden relative to the United States. Discussion . Differences suggest formal services supplement informal support in the United States and that formal and informal services are complementary in Sweden.

Lessons of an Honour Code: A Consideration of Conflict-related Processes and Interpersonal Violence

The British Journal of Criminology ◽

10.1093/bjc/azz022 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (5) ◽

pp. 1076-1098

Author(s):

Mark T Berg ◽

Ethan M Rogers ◽

Bruce G Taylor ◽

Weiwei Liu ◽

Elizabeth A Mumford

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Interpersonal Violence ◽

The United States ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Violent Offending ◽

Criminological Research ◽

Remedial Actions ◽

Honour Code

Abstract Criminological research has long suggested that attitudes concerned with honour and aggression, such as the ‘street code’, are related to violent offending and victimization. Comparatively, little information is known, however, about the mechanisms through which these attitudes increase violence. Drawing from interactionist perspectives of aggression and subcultural theories, we examine the mediating role of two conflict-related tendencies: disputatiousness and remedial actions. We also examine the extent to which remedial actions moderate the association between disputatiousness and violence. Predictions are tested using longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of young adults in the United States. Results show that conflict-related tendencies mediate the pathways linking the street code to violent offending and victimization. In addition, remedial actions temper the association between disputatiousness and violence involvement.

Psychological Resilience Provides No Independent Protection From Suicidal Risk

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000364 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 130-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Danica W. Y. Liu ◽

A. Kate Fairweather-Schmidt ◽

Richard Burns ◽

Rachel M. Roberts ◽

Kaarin J. Anstey

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Well Being ◽

Current Status ◽

Psychological Resilience ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Life Project ◽

Resilience Factors ◽

First Time

Abstract. Background: Little is known about the role of resilience in the likelihood of suicidal ideation (SI) over time. Aims: We examined the association between resilience and SI in a young-adult cohort over 4 years. Our objectives were to determine whether resilience was associated with SI at follow-up or, conversely, whether SI was associated with lowered resilience at follow-up. Method: Participants were selected from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project from Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia, aged 28–32 years at the first time point and 32–36 at the second. Multinomial, linear, and binary regression analyses explored the association between resilience and SI over two time points. Models were adjusted for suicidality risk factors. Results: While unadjusted analyses identified associations between resilience and SI, these effects were fully explained by the inclusion of other suicidality risk factors. Conclusion: Despite strong cross-sectional associations, resilience and SI appear to be unrelated in a longitudinal context, once risk/resilience factors are controlled for. As independent indicators of psychological well-being, suicidality and resilience are essential if current status is to be captured. However, the addition of other factors (e.g., support, mastery) makes this association tenuous. Consequently, resilience per se may not be protective of SI.