scholarly journals Payments and freedoms: Effects of monetary and legal incentives on COVID-19 vaccination intentions in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Sprengholz ◽  
Luca Henkel ◽  
Cornelia Betsch
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Negative Test Result ◽  
Vaccination Uptake ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Educational Campaigns ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Implementation Challenge

Monetary and legal incentives have been proposed to promote COVID-19 vaccination uptake. To evaluate the suitability of incentives, an experiment with German participants examined the effects of payments (varied within subjects: 0 to 10,000 EUR) and freedoms (varied between subjects: vaccination leading vs. not leading to the same benefits as a negative test result) on the vaccination intentions of previously unvaccinated individuals (n = 782). While no effect could be found for freedoms, the share of participants willing to be vaccinated increased with the payment amount. However, a significant change required large rewards of 3,250 EUR or more. While monetary incentives could increase vaccination uptake by a few percentage points, the high costs of implementation challenge the efficiency of the measure and call for alternatives. As experimental data suggest that considering vaccination as safe, necessary, and prosocial increases an individual’s likelihood of wanting to get vaccinated without payment, educational campaigns should emphasize these features when promoting vaccination against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Patients with Suspected COVID-19 and Their Relationship with a Negative RT-PCR Result

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Cuñarro-López ◽  
Óscar Cano-Valderrama ◽  
Pilar Pintado-Recarte ◽  
Ignacio Cueto-Hernández ◽  
Blanca González-Garzón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Monocyte Count ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Negative Test Result ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Pcr Test

This study was designed to examine maternal-perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) according to the result of a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test and to investigate possible variables that could be useful for predicting a negative RT-PCR result. Participants of this retrospective cohort study were obstetrics patients with suspected COVID-19 who underwent an RT-PCR test in a tertiary hospital in Madrid, Spain. Maternal-perinatal features were analysed according to the results of this test. Clinical, radiological and analytical characteristics that could be associated with a negative result were also explored. In a final subgroup analysis, patients were included if they had pneumonia and a negative test result for the virus. Out of the 111 obstetric patients with suspected COVID-19 that were enrolled, 38.7% returned a negative result. In this RT-PCR-negative group, we recorded lower rates of pneumonia (21.4% vs. 45.6%, p = 0.009), severe or critical clinical features (4.7% vs. 11.8% and 0.0% vs. 5.9%, p = 0.02, respectively), lower lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (168 UI/L vs. 224.5 UI/L, p = 0.003), a greater need for maternal treatment (60.3% vs 24.4%, p < 0.001), a reduced need for oxygen therapy (2.4% vs 28.8%, p < 0.001) and a lower rate of intensive care unit admission (0.0% vs. 3.7%, p = 0.046) than the RT-PCR-positive group. While no differences were found in other variables, the monocyte count was higher (946.2/μL vs. 518.8/μL, p = 0.022) in this group. The predictive model for a negative test result included the monocyte count, LDH level and no need for oxygen therapy. This model was able to identify 73.5% of patients with a negative RT-PCR result. Only 11% of the patients with pneumonia testing negative for the virus had IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The proportion of pregnant women with suspected COVID-19 and a negative RT-PCR result was nearly 39%. In these patients, the symptoms were mild and the systemic severity of the disease was lower. The monocyte count, LDH level and no need for oxygen therapy were the factors that were more related to a negative test result in this group. These variables could be used to guide the management of patients with suspected COVID-19, mainly while waiting for RT-PCR results or in settings where this test is not available.

scholarly journals DNA and the displacement of certainties in brazilian family law

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Family Law ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Negative Test Result ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dna Technology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Paternity Tests ◽  
Test Result

Abstract Inquiring into the impact of DNA technology on Brazilian family law,, through the consultation of legislation, jurisprudence and specific legal briefs concerning paternity disputes, we map out trends over the past thirty years. We show how, after a moment of original skepticism, genetic evidence appears to dominate the legal scene, rendering personal testimony irrelevant. However, with growing concern about men who use a negative test result to disclaim their paternal status, this testimony is once again needed to clarify whether or not the man originally believed the child was his blood-related offspring. Finally, we look at a recent period, showing how reactions against the “real biological truth” have spawned a new juridical category-socio-affective paternity-that, spreading well beyond paternity tests, is altering some basic tenets of family law.

Association Between Time to First RNA-Negative Test Result Among People With Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Homelessness or Testing at a Correctional or Substance Use Treatment Facility, New York City

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492110492
Author(s):  
Miranda S. Moore ◽  
Angelica Bocour
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Substance Use Treatment ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Negative Test Result ◽  
Test Result

Objective Curative treatments for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are available, but access and barriers to treatment can delay initiation. We investigated the time to first negative RNA test result among people with HCV infection and examined differences by homeless status and whether people were tested at a correctional facility or substance use treatment facility. Methods We used surveillance data to identify New York City residents first reported with HCV infection during January 1, 2015–December 31, 2018, with ≥1 positive RNA test result during January 1, 2015–November 1, 2019. We used Kaplan–Meier survival analysis to determine the time from the first positive RNA test result to the first negative RNA test result, with right-censoring at date of death or November 1, 2019. We determined substance use treatment, incarceration, or homelessness by ordering facility name and address or from patient residential address. Results Of 13 952 people with an HCV RNA–positive test result first reported during 2015-2018, 6947 (49.8%) subsequently received an RNA-negative test result. Overall, 25% received an RNA-negative test result within 208 (95% CI, 200-216) days and 50% within 902 (95% CI, 841-966) days. Homelessness, incarceration, or substance use treatment was indicated for 4304 (30.9%) people, among whom 25% received an RNA-negative test result within 469 (95% CI, 427-520) days and <50% received an RNA-negative test result during the study period. Conclusions Efforts to connect people to treatment should occur soon after diagnosis, especially for people who could benefit from hepatitis C care coordination.

Sexually transmitted disease rates before and after HIV testing

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 291-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel George ◽  
John Green ◽  
Siobhan Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Disease ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Negative Test Result ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Test Result

Summary: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of having an HIV-positive or negative test result on sexual risk behaviour before and after the test. Longitudinal retrospective case-note survey identifying new episodes of sexually transmitted disease (STD) infections in 114 subjects testing HIV positive and 114 matched negatives were examined at the Genitourinary Medicine Department, St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London. Across the whole sample in the year after HIV testing the number of cases of new STD infections was 40% of the number of cases in the year prior to HIV testing. There was no association between serostatus and incidence of STD infections before and after HIV testing. Of those testing negative, 5.3% were identified as having a new infection in the year after the HIV test, while amongst those testing positive there was a rate of new STDs of 2.6%. In conclusion, there was no evidence that having a negative test result increased the risk of acquisition of new STDs. Rates of new STD infections amongst seropositives in the year after HIV testing were low.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Study on the Incidence of Hearing Impairment in Children Up to 3 Years of Age and Associated Risk Factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Kremena K. Atanasova ◽  
Georgi N. Nikolov ◽  
Joana I. Simeonova ◽  
Boris I. Duhlenski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Negative Test Result ◽  
Low Birth Weight Children ◽  
Test Result

Summary Early diagnosis of congenital hearing impairment is of great importance to later development and social life of the affected newborns. Otoacoustic emission screening test (OAEs) is a useful tool for early evaluation of hearing in neonates and infants. Some specific risk factors (RFs) associated with prenatal, birth and early postnatal periods may influence the first screening results and further diagnostic findings. Results from OAEs in newborns in University Hospital in Pleven between 2013-2015 years are analyzed. In low birth weight children (under 2500 grams or g), and those born before the 36th gestation week (GW), we found deviations in the OAEs. A negative test result proved higher in newborns subjected to oxygen therapy during the first hours after birth (15.5%), as well as in newborns with higher leucocytes count (11.0%) or higher serum bilirubin value immediately after birth. The average birth weight of the newborns was lower in the cases with negative test results (2848.7±506.5 g) and unilateral negative test results (2823.3±535.2 g), as compared with the group with positive test results (3191.9±387.9 g). Elevated bilirubin levels were more frequently established and can be expected with higher probability in low birth weight children. They shall be subject to a follow-up in time, and newborns with initial negative test result shall undergo a second test 2 months after birth. Long term monitoring is recommended for newborns with these risk factors.

Sa1925 False Sero-Negative Test Result for Helicobacter pylori Infection Indicates the Higher Risk of Severe Atrophic Gastritis

2013 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. S-336
Author(s):  
Hitomi Ichikawa ◽  
Mitsushige Sugimoto ◽  
Takahiro Uotani ◽  
Mihoko Yamade ◽  
Shu Sahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Atrophic Gastritis ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori Infection ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Negative Test Result ◽  
Test Result

Performance of Alpine Touring Boots When Used in Alpine Ski Bindings

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Campbell ◽  
Irving S. Scher ◽  
David Carpenter ◽  
Bruce L. Jahnke ◽  
Randal P. Ching
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Complex Loading ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Negative Test Result ◽  
Leg Injuries ◽  
False Negative Test Result ◽  
Test Result ◽  
False Negative Test ◽  
Alpine System

Alpine touring (AT) equipment is designed for ascending mountains and snow skiing down backcountry terrain. Skiers have been observed using AT boots in alpine (not made for Alpine Touring) ski bindings. We tested the effect on the retention-release characteristics of AT boots used in alpine bindings. Ten AT ski boots and 5 alpine ski boots were tested in 8 models of alpine ski bindings using an ASTM F504-05 (2012) apparatus. Thirty-one percent of the AT boots released appropriately when used in alpine ski bindings. One alpine binding released appropriately for all alpine and AT boots tested; 2 alpine ski bindings did not release appropriately for any AT boots. Altering the visual indicator settings on the bindings (that control the release torque of an alpine system) had little or no effect on the release torque when using AT boots in alpine ski bindings. Many combinations released appropriately in ski shop tests, but did not release appropriately in the more complex loading cases that simulated forward and backward falls; the simple tests performed by ski shops could produce a “false-negative” test result. These results indicate that using AT boots with alpine ski bindings could increase the likelihood of lower leg injuries.

scholarly journals Human Rights and Genetic Discrimination: Protecting Genomics’ Promise for Public Health

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Silvers ◽  
Michael Ashley Stein
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Predictive Genetic Testing ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Negative Test Result ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Family Medical History ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Test Result

The potential power of predictive genetic testing as a risk regulator is impressive. By identifying asymptomatic individuals who are at risk of becoming ill, predictive genetic testing may enable those individuals to take prophylactic measures. As new therapies become available, the usefulness of genetic testing undoubtedly will increase. Further, when a person's family medical history indicates a propensity towards a particular genetic disease, a negative test result may open up otherwise denied opportunities by showing that this person has not inherited suspect genes. In the latter type of case, a negative test result may reassure the individual that pursuing a particular course of action (such as planning a family or training for a job) is worthwhile, or may convince prospective employers that the individual will be a serviceable employee.

scholarly journals Managing the risk of a COVID-19 outbreak from border arrivals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Steyn ◽  
Michael J Plank ◽  
Alex James ◽  
Rachelle N Binny ◽  
Shaun C Hendy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Frontline Staff ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Negative Test Result ◽  
Community Outbreaks ◽  
False Negative Test Result ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Dependent Probability

In an attempt to maintain elimination of COVID-19 in New Zealand, all international arrivals are required to spend 14 days in government-managed quarantine and to return a negative test result before being released. We model the testing, isolation and transmission of COVID-19 within quarantine facilities to estimate the risk of community outbreaks being seeded at the border. We use a simple branching process model for COVID-19 transmission that includes a time-dependent probability of a false negative test result. We show that the combination of 14-day quarantine with two tests reduces the risk of releasing an infectious case to around 0.1% per infected arrival. Shorter quarantine periods, or reliance on testing only with no quarantine, substantially increases this risk. We calculate the fraction of cases detected in the second week of their two week stay and show that this may be a useful indicator of the likelihood of transmission occurring within quarantine facilities. Frontline staff working at the border risk exposure to infected individuals and this has the potential to lead to a community outbreak. We use the model to test surveillance strategies and evaluate the likely size of the outbreak at the time it is first detected. We conclude with some recommendations for managing the risk of potential future outbreaks originating from the border.

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