The Gender-Binary Cycle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Saguy ◽  
Michal Reifen Tagar ◽  
Daphna Joel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Binary ◽  
Proper Order ◽  
Binary Cycle

Gender inequality is one of the most pressing issues of our time. A core factor that feeds gender inequality is people’s gender ideology - a set of beliefs about the proper order of society in terms of the roles women and men should fill. We argue that gender ideology is shaped, in large parts, by the way people make sense of gender differences. Specifically, people often think of gender differences as expressions of a predetermined biology, and of men and women as different "kinds". We describe work suggesting that thinking of gender differences in this biological-essentialist way perpetuates a non-egalitarian gender ideology. We then review research that refutes the hypothesis that men and women are different "kinds" in terms of brain function, hormone levels, and personality characteristics. Next, we describe how the organization of the environment in a gender-binary manner, together with cognitive processes of categorization drive a biological-essentialist view of gender differences. We then describe the self-perpetuating relations, which we term the gender-binary cycle, between a biological-essentialist view of gender differences, a non-egalitarian gender ideology, and a binary organization of the environment along gender lines. Finally, we consider means of intervention at different points in this cycle.

The gender-binary cycle: the perpetual relations between a biological-essentialist view of gender, gender ideology, and gender-labelling and sorting

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1822) ◽  
pp. 20200141
Author(s):  
Tamar Saguy ◽  
Michal Reifen-Tagar ◽  
Daphna Joel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Binary ◽  
Proper Order ◽  
Binary Cycle ◽  
And Gender

Gender inequality is one of the most pressing issues of our time. A core factor that feeds gender inequality is people's gender ideology—a set of beliefs about the proper order of society in terms of the roles women and men should fill. We argue that gender ideology is shaped, in large parts, by the way people make sense of gender differences. Specifically, people often think of gender differences as expressions of a predetermined biology, and of men and women as different ‘kinds’. We describe work suggesting that thinking of gender differences in this biological-essentialist way perpetuates a non-egalitarian gender ideology. We then review research that refutes the hypothesis that men and women are different ‘kinds’ in terms of brain function, hormone levels and personality characteristics. Next, we describe how the organization of the environment in a gender-binary manner, together with cognitive processes of categorization drive a biological-essentialist view of gender differences. We then describe the self-perpetuating relations, which we term the gender-binary cycle , between a biological-essentialist view of gender differences, a non-egalitarian gender ideology and a binary organization of the environment along gender lines. Finally, we consider means of intervention at different points in this cycle. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.

The sluttified sex: Verbal misogyny reflects and reinforces gender order in wireless China

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo Jing-Schmidt ◽  
Xinjia Peng
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Female Empowerment ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
Discourse Practice ◽  
Chinese Social Media ◽  
The Way

AbstractThis article describes emerging misogynistic labels involving the morphemebiăo‘slut’ as a gendered personal suffix in the Chinese cyber lexicon. We analyze the morphological, semantic, and cognitive processes behind their coinage, and the way they are used across gender lines in Chinese social media as a community of discourse practice. Our findings show that women participate in female pejoration as much as men do, and that men are more inclined than women to use pejorative labels that specifically attack female empowerment. Additionally, men construct masculinity and power by using certain misogynistic labels as generics. We argue that verbal misogyny is part and parcel of a larger gender ideology by illuminating the mutual constitution of the linguistic pejoration of women and the gender order in postreform China. This study has implications for research on women's conditions in contemporary China, raises awareness of gender inequality, and lays the groundwork for social actions toward gender equality. (Gender, sexism, neologism, social media, Chinese)*

KETIDAKADILAN GENDER DALAM FILM AYAT-AYAT CINTA KARYA HABIBURRAHMAN EL SHIRAZY (GENDER INEQUALITY IN LOVE VERSES HABIBURRAHMAN'S WORKS EL SHIRAZY)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARZIKO
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Study Techniques ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

Differences in roles and functions between men and women or higher is known as gender differences that occur in society does not become a problem as long as these differences do not result in discrimination or injustice. Simple benchmarks or measurements that can be used to measure whether gender differences cause injustice or not. Gender is an inherent trait of men and women that is formed by social and cultural factors, so that some assumptions are born about individual social warfare in society. This study aims to describe gender injustice in the film verses of love. The approach used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach in the form of written words that are generated through dialogue on film. The data source is all the utterances spoken in the film narrative and the data are all utterances that contain gender injustice. The techniques used in data collection are listening techniques, transcription techniques, description techniques. And library study techniques. The results showed that in the film verses of love there are several gender injustices including: forms of marginalization, forms of subordination. And streotype forms.

Exploring the Logic of Gender Complementarity using Chimakonam’s Ezumezu System

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-102
Author(s):  
Eric Ndoma Besong
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Stereotype ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Binary ◽  
Gender Complementarity ◽  
Males And Females

In this essay, I want to argue that the existence of gender most times translated as gender binary, is a biological fact. What is at stake is a framework for transcending unequal gender binary to gender complementarity. Here, I propose to use Chimakonam’s Ezumezu logic as a mechanism for disclosing gender complementarity. The illogical, irrational and subjective perspectives on lopsided gender  differences between men and women will be challenged in this essay. I will analyze the thrust of Ezumezu logic, its major principles, structures, and pillars of thought. I will also demonstrate its global and contextual relevance. I will submit that Ezumezu logic can ground gender complementarity across global cultures. I argue that regardless of the physical differences between males and females, it is illogical to exploit such differences to promote gender stereotype. Keywords: Gender equality, Ezumezu Logic, Gender Complementarity, Jonathan Chimakonam

scholarly journals GENDER INEQUALITY IN ACCOUNTING PROFESSION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE GLASS CEILING

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Júlio César Silva ◽  
Cristian Baú Dal Magro ◽  
Marcia Zanievicz Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Professional Growth ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Wage Inequalities

<p>Among the studies developed on gender differences in occupations, the theoretical glass ceiling approach has been used internationally to explain the occurrence of barriers that hinder and even prevent the professional growth of women and generate wage inequalities between men and women in the performance of similar functions. Given the above, the study aims to identify gender differences in the accounting profession analyzed from the perspective of the glass ceiling<em>.</em> The research methodology is descriptive, documentary and the approach is quantitative. Data were extracted from the Annual Social Information (RAIS), base year 2013. The investigated population are employees who work in accounting in companies located in southern Brazil. The results indicate that the professions of accounting auditor and accountant are performed, most often by male professionals. It was found that men have higher pay and a predominance of men in the accounting department of larger companies. We conclude that glass ceiling is present in the accounting profession, creating an invisible barrier to women's access to positions of greater evidence of the accounting profession.</p><p>Keywords:<em> </em>Glass Ceiling. Gender. Accounting Professional. Inequality. </p>

scholarly journals KESETARAAN GENDER DITINJAU DARI SUDUT PANDANG NORMATIF DAN SOSIOLOGIS

SASI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Zulkifli Ismail ◽  
Melanie Pita Lestari ◽  
Panti Rahayu ◽  
Fransiska Novita Eleanora
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Normative Study ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Right

This study discusses that gender equality must be paired with justice and justice, between men and women must be equal and there must be no differences or contradictions. A normative study looking at it from the perspective of the following law is that submission will discuss the rights of a woman, everyone has equal rights without exception, and those rights have existed since man is in a supported reserve. Research methods using the normative juridical method by reviewing the literature and legislation, where the findings or results have met the requirements for the rights of everyone listed in the regulations of Law Number 39 of 1999, but viewed from the point of view seen sociological that in society assumes that gender equality can occur if each party considers to be responsible, their duties and roles. While the usefulness of this research provides benefits and participation of law enforcers, the community must not represent gender differences or injustice in the community, all people have the same rights, novelty in this study agrees and then gender in community life to prioritize and prioritize there will be the right to life, because that right is a very determined right granted to all people such as the right not to increase torture, get education, health, and eliminate the perception of gender inequality in any field or area of life, because everyone is the same and supports , in the field of law, and also government.

Gender differences in the associations of reappraisal and humor styles

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela A. Sillars ◽  
Christina Nicolaides ◽  
Alexander Karan ◽  
Robert Wright ◽  
Megan L. Robbins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Use Of Self ◽  
Humor Styles ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Aggressive Humor ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategy

AbstractReappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy that draws on cognitive processes–like changing one’s thoughts to change one’s feelings–that are similar to those implicated in humor. Yet, very little is known about the links between the dispositional tendency to use reappraisal and individuals’ humor styles (e. g. aggressive, affiliative, self-deprecating, self-enhancing). Importantly, there are gender differences both in emotion regulatory processes and in the use of humor styles. We examined gender differences in reported use of humor styles, the associations between reappraisal and humor styles, and whether gender moderated those associations. Participants (N=250) were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and self-reported their dispositional use of reappraisal and four humor styles. Men reported greater use of aggressive humor compared to women. Dispositional use of reappraisal was positively associated with self-enhancing humor. In addition, reappraisal use was positively related to greater use of affiliative humor, and this association was stronger for men than women. For men, greater use of reappraisal was associated with greater use of self-defeating humor, but reappraisal was negatively associated with self-defeating humor for women. Findings extend insight from prior work and suggest that both reappraisal and specific ways of using humor draw on aspects of self-regulatory competence rooted in cognitive change abilities, and the patterns of association differ in interesting ways for men and women.

scholarly journals Disability Incidence Rates for Men and Women in 23 Countries: Evidence on Health Effects of Gender Inequality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinkook Lee ◽  
Erik Meijer ◽  
Drystan Phillips ◽  
Peifeng Hu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Pool Data ◽  
Men And Women

Abstract Background Inequality in gender varies across social contexts, which may influence the health of both men and women. Based on theories of gender as a social system, we examine whether systematic gender inequality at the macro-level influences health of men and women. Method Using harmonized panel data from the Gateway to Global Aging Data in 23 high- and middle-income countries (N = 168 873), we estimate disability prevalence and incidence for men and women ages 55–89 (2000–2016). Within each country or geographic region, we also investigate gender differences in age gradients of the probability of disability onset. We, then, pool data from all countries and test the hypothesis that gender inequality increases the probability of disability onset. Results We found substantial cross-country variation in disability incidence rates, and this variation is greater for women than for men. Among ages 65–69, disability incidence rates ranged from 0.4 to 5.0 for men and from 0.5 to 9.4 for women. Our within-country analysis showed significant gender differences in age gradients of the probability of disability onset in the United States, Korea, Southern Europe, Mexico, and China, but not in Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe, England, and Israel. Testing hypothesized effects of gender inequality, we find that gender inequality is significantly associated with the probability of disability onset for women, but not for men. Conclusions Macro-level societal gender inequality is significantly associated with the probability of disability onset for women. Reducing and eliminating gender inequality is crucial to achieving good health for women.

scholarly journals The Concept of Gender Justice from the Perspective of Indonesian Women Ulama

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Siti Nikhayatul Ma'unah
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women Researchers

Gender differences are unimportant as long as they do not result in gender inequality. However, it turns out that gender disparities have resulted in a variety of injustices, which affect both men and women. Gender inequality is a system and structure that affects both men and women equally. Because Islam is based on a relationship between Allah and individual women and men, the Qur'an's concept of Islam treats both women and men equally. According to Islamic normativity, a person's high and low quality is determined solely by his or her level of devotion to Allah. Humans are treated equally by God, who does not distinguish between them. God does not differentiate between men and women when it comes to the works he performs. Gender equity is a necessity for both men and women, according to Indonesian women researchers.

Personal Problem Solving of Partners in Divorce Proceedings

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Soukupova ◽  
Petr Goldmann
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Thematic Apperception Test ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Personal Problem ◽  
Thematic Apperception ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Given

Abstract. The Thematic Apperception Test is one of the most frequently administered apperceptive techniques. Formal scoring systems are helpful in evaluating story responses. TAT stories, made by 20 males and 20 females in the situation of legal divorce proceedings, were coded for detection and comparison of their personal problem solving ability. The evaluating instrument utilized was the Personal Problem Solving System-Revised (PPSS-R) as developed by G. F. Ronan. The results indicate that in relation to card 1, men more often than women saw the cause of the problem as removable. With card 6GF, women were more motivated to resolve the given problem than were men, women had a higher personal control and their stories contained more optimism compared to men’s stories. In relation to card 6BM women, more often than men, used emotions generated from the problem to orient themselves within the problem. With card 13MF, the men’s level of stress was less compared to that of the women, and men were more able to plan within the context of problem-solving. Significant differences in the examined groups were found in those cards which depicted significant gender and parental potentials. The TAT can be used to help identify personality characteristics and gender differences.

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